Atp Attraction
Atp Attraction - Related Videos
01:31
ATP Yield
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2019
Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle). The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...
07:27
Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes' Attraction Toward ATP or Serotonin in Acute Brain Slices
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Cited by 22 •
2019
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, respond quickly with morphological changes to modifications of their environment. This protocol describes how to use two-photon microscopy to study the attraction of microglial processes toward serotonin or ATP in acute brain slices of mice.
02:35
Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules
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2020
Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions differ from covalent bonding in that they do not involve sharing of electrons. Four types of noncovalent interactions are hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Hydrogen bonding results from the electrostatic attraction of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a strong-electronegative atom like oxygen,...
08:32
The ATP Bioluminescence Assay
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2023
In fireflies, the luciferase enzyme converts a compound called luciferin into oxyluciferin, and produces light or “luminescence” as a result. This reaction requires energy derived from ATP in order to proceed, so researchers have exploited the luciferase-luciferin interaction to gauge ATP levels in cells. Given ATP’s role as the cell’s currency of energy, the ATP bioluminescence assay can provide insight into cellular metabolism and overall cell health.In this video, JoVE discusses cellular...
01:08
Hydrolysis of ATP
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2019
The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids. If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine monophosphate—by the removal of a second...
FAQs
P2Y12 receptors detect extracellular ATP and initiate intracellular signaling in microglia. Their activation links the external chemical cue to calcium-dependent responses and changes in the actin cytoskeleton, allowing cellular processes to extend toward the ATP source. This receptor pathway helps explain how microglia rapidly identify locations associated with neural stress or damage.
The spatial distribution of extracellular ATP provides directional information rather than merely activating microglia uniformly. Microglial processes extend toward the region with the stronger ATP signal, concentrating the response near the source. In nervous-system injury research, this gradient-dependent behavior helps explain how surveillance cells localize their activity around damaged or stressed tissue.
Calcium-dependent signaling helps translate receptor activation into a cellular response, while actin remodeling changes the structure and extension of microglial processes. Together, these mechanisms connect ATP detection with directed movement. Examining both events is important because the response requires not only chemical sensing but also physical reorganization of the cell toward the signal.
A useful study can examine whether extracellular ATP produces directional process extension, activates P2Y12-linked intracellular signaling, and induces calcium-dependent or actin-related changes in microglia. These responses provide complementary information: directionality indicates attraction, signaling shows receptor engagement, and structural remodeling reveals how the cell physically organizes its response near a potential injury.
ATP attraction is particularly relevant when investigating neural damage, neuroinflammation, and tissue surveillance. Damaged or stressed cells can release ATP, creating a signal that draws microglial processes toward the affected region. Studying this response can therefore clarify how local inflammatory organization begins and how microglia respond during nervous-system repair.
The response provides a mechanism for communication between stressed neural cells and nearby microglia. ATP released from damaged or stressed cells can guide microglial processes toward the source, positioning them near neurons and other glial cells. This interaction is relevant to research on local inflammation, cellular coordination, and possible modulation of purinergic signaling.