Name: glycolysis: atp and nadh formation
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.3

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

解糖の後半では グリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸の2つの分子が グリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸の2つの分子が 酵素グリセルアルデヒドリン酸デヒドロゲナーゼの 触媒作用により酸化し リン酸基が不安定な糖に結合して 1, 3-ビスホスホグリセリン酸を形成します その結果 2つの高エネルギー電子と2つの陽子が放出され キャリアNAD+に取り込まれて 2つのNADHと水素イオンが形成されます 次いでホスホグリセリン酸キナーゼは 各1, 3-ビスホスホグリセリンから ADPへリン酸基を移動し ATPの2つの分子と 3-phosphoglycerateを生成します 次いで 酵素ホスホグリセレートムターゼが この分子を その異性体2-ホスホグリセリン酸に変換して 酵素エノラーゼが水分子を放出し 新しい二重結合構造の ホスホエノールピルビン酸(PEP)を形成します ピルビン酸キナーゼを用いて リン酸基がPEPから除去されて ADPに与えられ 最終生成物のピルビン酸と共に さらに2つのATP分子が生成されます このように解糖の終わりに 2つのNADHと 2つのピルビン酸分子と共に 合計2つのATPが生成されます 酸素がある場合 ピルビン酸はさらに分解して NADHはその電子を 電子輸送チェーンに渡して NAD+を再生する場合があります

解糖のエネルギー放出段階

解糖系の第一段階では、グルコースをグリセルアルデヒド3リン酸（G3P）に変換するためエネルギーを消費しますが、第二段階ではエネルギーを生産します。このエネルギーは、G3Pをピルビン酸に変える一連の反応で放出されます。エネルギーを放出する解糖の第6〜10段階は2回、すなわち第1〜5段階で生成された2つの炭素数3の糖それぞれに対して行われます。
 
 最初のエネルギー放出段階は、解糖系全体の第6段階と考えられており、G3Pの酸化とリン酸化という2つの事象が同時に起こります。電子伝達体であるNAD+はG3Pから水素を1つ取り除き、炭素数3の糖を酸化させ、NAD+をNADHとH+に変換します。その放出されたエネルギーが使われ、G3Pがリン酸化し、1,3-ビスホスホグリセリン酸へ変わります。
 
 次に、1,3-ビスホスホグリセリン酸は、リン酸基を供与することでADPをATPに変換し、3-ホスホグリセリン酸になります。3-ホスホグリセリン酸はそれから異性体の2-ホスホグリセリン酸に変換されます。
 
 続いて、2-ホスホグリセリン酸は水分子を失い、不安定な分子である2-ホスホエノールピルビン酸（PEP）になります。PEPはリン酸基をADPに奪われやすく、それにより2つ目のATP分子へと変換され、その過程でピルビン酸になります。
 
 エネルギー放出段階では、糖が変換されるたびに2分子のATPと1分子のNADHが放出されます。解糖系のエネルギーを消費する段階で炭素数3の糖が生成される度、すなわち2回、先のプロセスが生じるので、合計4分子のATPと2分子のNADHが放出されます。したがって、解糖は、グルコース1分子に対して、正味2個のATP分子（4個の生成ATP分子から、エネルギー要求段階で使用された2個を差し引いたもの）と2個のNADH分子を生産します。
 
 解糖系では、1つの炭素数6のグルコース分子から2つの炭素数3のピルビン酸分子が生成されます。酸素の存在下では、ピルビン酸はクレブス回路で二酸化炭素に分解され、多くのATP分子を放出します。NADHは細胞内に蓄積し、そこでNAD+に変換されて、さらなる解糖に使用されます。

解糖は、エネルギーが利用されるか放出されるかに基づいて、2つのフェーズに分けられます。最初のフェーズはATPを消費しますが、2番目のフェーズは...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

glycolysis: atp and nadh formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis.

The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron carrier and removes one hydrogen atom from G3P, forming NADH and H+. The energy released in this step helps turn G3P into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Next, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate loses a phosphate group and becomes 3-phosphoglycerate. That phosphate group is transferred to ADP, which makes ATP. Then 3-phosphoglycerate changes into its isomer, 2-phosphoglycerate. After that, 2-phosphoglycerate loses water and becomes the unstable compound 2-phosphoenolpyruvate, or PEP.

PEP quickly loses its phosphate group to ADP. This creates a second ATP molecule and leaves pyruvate. For each converted 3-carbon sugar, the energy-releasing phase makes two ATP molecules and one NADH molecule. Because the phase runs twice, glycolysis produces four ATP molecules and two NADH molecules in this stage.

Overall, one glucose molecule yields two pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis has a net gain of two ATP molecules because four ATP are produced and two ATP are used in the energy-requiring phase. It also leaves two NADH molecules in the cell. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate can continue into the Krebs cycle, where it is broken down into carbon dioxide and more ATP is released. NADH can later be converted back into NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

How Food Becomes ATP

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

Track the energy-releasing steps of glycolysis and see how G3P becomes pyruvate while ATP and NADH are produced in the final reactions.

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core シリーズは、生物学の重要な概念を説明する 300 を超える簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオ レッスンに加え、今日の研究室で行われる実際の研究実験を示す 150 以上の科学者の活動ビデオを通じて、生物学に命を吹き込みます。

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Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

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