Name: how food becomes atp
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Dietary Connections

生命体はグルコースの他に 解糖経路で重要な役割を持つ 炭水化物やタンパク質、脂質の形態で 食事を体内に取り込みます。炭水化物は単糖が多数連鎖したもので まずさらに小さく分解されて 解糖経路に送り込まれ そこでピルビン酸塩に分解されます。例えば ほとんどの果物や野菜に含まれるサッカロースは フルクトースとグルコースの 2種類の単糖に分解され その後、解糖経路でさらに分解されます。タンパク質(酵素)はアミノ酸に分解され 一部のアミノ酸は新たなタンパク質を作るために リサイクルされ その他のアミノ酸は異なる段階で解糖経路に入ります。アミン基が取り除かれた場合のみに アンモニアに変換されます。最後に脂質ですが、コレステロールとトリグリセリドの形態で ベータ酸化と呼ばれるプロセスで分解されます。脂肪酸鎖はアセチル基に変換されてから コエンザイムAに拾われ クエン酸回路に入ります。

食事のつながり

<h4>概要</h4>
 
 代謝経路は相互に関連している。解糖、ピルビン酸酸化、クエン酸回路など、グルコースをATPに変換する細胞呼吸の工程では、他の有機化合物を分解する工程と結びついています。その結果、リンゴからチーズ、ワカモレに至るまでのさまざまな食品がATPになります。食べ物には、炭水化物のほかに、タンパク質、コレステロールや脂肪などの脂質が含まれます。これらの有機化合物はすべて、エネルギー源として（ATPを生成するために）使用されます。
 
 <h4>炭水化物の消化</h4>
 
 人間の体は、炭水化物を単糖に分解する酵素をいくつか持ちます。グルコースは直接解糖に入ることができますが、フルクトースやガラクトースなどの一部の単糖は、まず解糖経路の中間体である糖に変換されます。
 
 <h4>タンパク質の消化</h4>
 
 タンパク質は、酵素によってアミノ酸に分解され、通常新たなタンパク質を作るため再利用されます。しかし、体が飢えていたり、アミノ酸が余っていると、いくつかのアミノ酸はアミノ基を失い、その後、細胞呼吸に入ります。失われたアミノ基はアンモニアに変換され、老廃物に組み込まれます。異なるアミノ酸は、解糖、ピルビン酸酸化、クエン酸回路など、異なる段階で、細胞呼吸に入ります。また、アミノ酸は細胞呼吸過程の中間体から生成されることもあります。
 
 <h4>脂肪の消化</h4>
 
 コレステロールやトリグリセリド（脂肪）などの脂質も、細胞呼吸経路で生成・分解されます。例えば、トリグリセリドは、グリセロールと3つの脂肪酸から構成されます。リン酸化されたグリセロールは、解糖系に入ることができます。脂肪酸は、β酸化と呼ばれる一連の反応でアセチルCoAに変換された後、クエン酸回路に入ります。
 
 このようにして、炭水化物、タンパク質、脂質からATPという形で生化学的エネルギーが得られます。

生物学的システムでは、ほとんどの代謝経路が相互接続されています。グルコースをATPに変換する細胞呼吸プロセス—...

Education

JoVE Core

生物学

Cellular Processes

細胞プロセス

Cellular Respiration

細胞呼吸

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

how food becomes atp

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy.

Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway.

Proteins are digested into amino acids. The body usually recycles these amino acids to build new proteins. If the body is starving or has extra amino acids, some amino acids lose their amino groups and can enter cellular respiration. The lost amino groups become ammonia and are added to waste products. Different amino acids can enter at glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, or the citric acid cycle. Amino acids can also be made from intermediates in cellular respiration.

Lipids also connect to energy production. Triglycerides, or fats, are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. Phosphorylated glycerol enters glycolysis. Fatty acids first go through beta-oxidation, a series of reactions that converts them into acetyl CoA. They then enter the citric acid cycle. In this way, biochemical energy in the form of ATP can come from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

How Food Becomes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enter cellular respiration and help make ATP. Learn how digestion links food molecules to energy.

How Food Becomes ATP | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

Life Science

HS-LS1-7

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-3

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-6.

HS-LS1-7.

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Characteristics of Life

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The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

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Compare and contrast existing models, identify patterns, and use structural and functional evidence to analyze the characteristics of life. Engage in argument about the designation of viruses as non-living based on these characteristics.
EXPLANATION: Students begin to develop patterns of living and non-living organisms in kindergarten and build on detailed characteristics of different classifications of living organisms throughout elementary and middle school. Biology 1 discussions introduce viral particles and viral cycles, building on student understanding of living organisms to engage in an argument regarding the classification of a viral particle as either living or non-living.

BIO1.LS1.1

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures.
EXPLANATION: Students explicitly discuss the structure and function of major cellular organelles in seventh grade. Building on this understanding, Biology I students should shift their focus to the different types of cells found in organisms and how the role of each cell type relates to its composition and the prevalence of different organelles within that cell. An example might include the absence (or enucleation) of the nucleus in red blood cells in mammals providing for increased levels of oxygen transport in organisms or the lack of centrioles in most neurons. Varying cell types can include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types.

BIO1.LS1.2

Nucleic Acids

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The DNA Helix

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Organization of Genes

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Karyotyping

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Replication in Prokaryotes

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Replication in Eukaryotes

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Mutations

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Transcription

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Translation

Lesson: Translation
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Types of RNA

Overview
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MicroRNAs

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while ...

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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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Protein Folding

Protein Families

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Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Protein Complex Assembly

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Conjugated Proteins

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Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

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Amyloid Fibrils

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Antibody Structure

Phosphorylation

Ligand Binding Sites

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Protein-protein Interfaces

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Conserved Binding Sites

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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at ...

protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Integrate evidence to develop a structural model of a DNA molecule. Using the model, develop and communicate an explanation for how DNA serves as a template for self-replication and encodes biological information.
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BIO1.LS1.3

How Food Becomes ATP

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