Name: atp powers cellular transport and reactions
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

ATP Energy Storage and Release

アデノシン三リン酸またはATPは、生細胞内のいくつかの生化学的プロセスを駆動する最も重要なエネルギー通貨です。
ATPは、Aとして表されるアデノシン分子が、文字Pで表される3つのリン酸基に結合した有機化合物です。3つのリン酸塩は、2つの高エネルギー無水ホスホ鎖によって互いに結合しています。これらの結合の加水分解は、細胞内の条件にもよりますが、自由エネルギー1モルあたり約46〜54キロジュールを生み出すことができます。
ADP分子へのリン酸基の結合はエネルギー的に好ましくないため、細胞は光合成または細胞呼吸からエネルギーを引き出して、ADPと第3のリン酸基との間に無水ホスホウ素結合を形成します。
逆に、エネルギー需要に応じて、ATPは無機リン酸塩とADP分子に加水分解されます。このエネルギー的に好ましい反応は、放出されたリン酸塩が反応物に移されて新しい生成物を形成する他の好ましくない反応と結合します。
さらに、ATP加水分解から放出されるエネルギーは、膜を越えて溶質を移動させるポンプに動力を供給し、筋肉の収縮とニューロンの信号伝達経路にも動力を供給します。

atpエネルギーの貯蔵と放出

ATP は非常に不安定な分子です。ATPがすぐに仕事を行うために使用されない場合、ATPは自然に解離してADPと無機リン酸（Pi）になります。 ATP 加水分解によって放出されるエネルギーは、細胞内で仕事を行うために使用され、エネルギー結合と呼ばれる戦略に依存します。 細胞はATP加水分解の発エルゴン反応と吸エルゴン反応を結びつけ、進行を可能にします。

ATP を使用したエネルギー結合の一例には、細胞機能にとって非常に重要な膜貫通イオンポンプが含まれます。 このナトリウム-カリウムポンプ (Na^+/K^+ ポンプ) は、ナトリウムを細胞の外に送り出し、カリウムを細胞内に送り込みます。 細胞プロセスは定期的に大量のナトリウムを細胞内に輸入し、大量のカリウムを細胞外に排出するため、細胞の ATP の大部分がこのポンプに電力を供給するのに費やされます。 ポンプは細胞内のナトリウムとカリウムの濃度を安定させるために常に作動しています。 ポンプが 1 サイクル (3 つの Na^+ イオンを輸送し、2 つの K^+ イオンを輸送する) を回転させるには、ATP 1 分子が加水分解されなければなりません。 ATP が加水分解されると、そのガンマリン酸がポンプタンパク質上に移動します。

リン酸基が分子に結合するこの過程は、リン酸化と呼ばれます。 ATP 加水分解のほとんどの場合と同様に、ATP のリン酸は別の分子に移動します。 リン酸化状態では、Na^+/K^+ ポンプの自由エネルギーが増加し、構造変化が引き起こされます。 この変化により、Na^+を細胞外に放出できるようになります。 次に、細胞外の K^+ に結合し、別の構造変化を介してリン酸塩をポンプから切り離します。 このリン酸塩の放出により、K^+ が細胞内部に放出されます。 基本的に、ATP の加水分解によって放出されるエネルギーは、ポンプに電力を供給し、Na^+ および K^+ イオンを輸送するのに必要なエネルギーと結合します。 ATP は、リン酸化を介したこの基本的なエネルギー結合形式を使用して細胞の仕事を行います。

細胞の代謝反応中、例えば栄養素の合成や分解などの過程で、特定の分子は次の反応ステップの基質となるためにわずかに構造を変える必要があります。 一例は、細胞呼吸のまさに最初のステップである解糖中です。 この最初のステップでは、グルコースをリン酸化し、高エネルギーだが不安定な中間体を生成するために ATP が必要です。 このリン酸化反応により、リン酸化グルコース分子がリン酸化された糖フルクトースに変換される構造変化が促進されます。 フルクトースは解糖が進むために必要な中間体です。 ここで、ATP 加水分解の発エルゴン反応は、グルコースリン酸化の吸エルゴン反応と組み合わされて、経路の中間ステップを構成します。 再び、ATP 内のリン酸結合の切断によって放出されるエネルギーは、別の分子をリン酸化するために使用され、不安定な中間体が生成され、重要な構造変化が引き起こされます。

このテキストは <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-4-atp-adenosine-triphosphate">Openstax, Biology 2e, Section 6.4:ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate</a>

ATPエネルギーの貯蔵と放出

ATPは非常に不安定な分子です。作業に迅速に使用しない限り、ATPは自然にADPと無機リン酸塩(Pi)に解離し、遊離...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

細胞生物学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Energy and Catalysis

エネルギーと触媒

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

atp powers cellular transport and reactions

ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat.

Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital for cell function.

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. Cells spend a large amount of ATP on this pump because sodium and potassium are regularly moved in opposite directions across the membrane. To complete one cycle, the pump exports three sodium ions and imports two potassium ions, and one ATP molecule must be hydrolyzed.

During ATP hydrolysis, the gamma phosphate is transferred to the pump protein. This is called phosphorylation, which means a phosphate group binds to a molecule. In the phosphorylated state, the pump has more free energy and changes shape. That shape change lets it release sodium outside the cell. The pump then binds potassium outside the cell, and another shape change removes the phosphate and releases potassium inside the cell.

ATP also helps start steps in cellular metabolism. In glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP phosphorylates glucose. This creates a high-energy but unstable intermediate. The phosphorylation also drives a conformational change that helps the molecule become phosphorylated fructose, which is needed for glycolysis to continue. In both examples, ATP hydrolysis is coupled to another reaction by transferring a phosphate group and powering an important change in shape.

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

atp-powers-cellular-transport-and-reactions

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ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core 細胞生物学は、複雑な細胞プロセスを、わかりやすく包括的なアニメーション ビデオ レッスンで説明します。このコレクションは、細胞小器官や膜、細胞輸送、細胞のエネルギー学など、細胞の必須コンポーネントと機能に焦点を当てています。これは、実際の研究実験における細胞生物学の応用を実証する科学者による実際のビデオによって補足されています。

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ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

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