官能試験
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Science Education videos
Q1: What are the two major sensory pathways in the nervous system?
The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway transmits vibration, conscious proprioception, and discriminative fine touch. The spinothalamic tract relays pain, temperature, and crude touch. Both pathways involve first, second, and third order neurons that ultimately convey sensory information to the postcentral gyrus, the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.
Q2: How do the spinothalamic tract and posterior column pathway differ in their organization?
The spinothalamic tract's second order neurons decussate, or cross over, at the spinal cord level before traveling to the thalamus. In contrast, the posterior column pathway's first order neurons ascend to the medulla oblongata before synapsing with second order neurons that then decussate and travel to the thalamus. This anatomical difference affects the level at which sensory information crosses the midline.
Q3: What is a dermatome and why is it important for sensory testing?
A dermatome is a specific region of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve root. Understanding dermatome patterns helps clinicians interpret sensory exam findings and localize nervous system lesions. For example, the C5 through T1 roots form the brachial plexus innervating the upper extremities, while T12 to S4 roots form the lumbosacral plexus supplying the lower extremities.
Q4: What primary sensory modalities are tested during a screening sensory examination?
A screening sensory examination tests light touch, pain, and vibration in the feet. Light touch is assessed using the tip of a finger, pain sensation using the sharp and dull ends of a safety pin, and vibration using a 128 Hz tuning fork. The examination expands to other regions if the patient reports sensory complaints or if other neurological findings are abnormal.
Q5: How is proprioception or joint position sense assessed during the sensory exam?
Proprioception is tested by holding the patient's large toe on the sides and demonstrating upward and downward movements. With eyes closed, the patient identifies the direction of movement. If abnormality is detected, the test progresses to the ankle joint and then to the fingers at the distal interphalangeal joints. Normally, people can identify even a few degrees of movement.
Q6: What does the stereognosis test evaluate in cortical sensory function?
The stereognosis test assesses a patient's ability to identify common objects, such as coins, using only touch sensation with eyes closed. The patient must differentiate between specific objects like a nickel or quarter rather than providing a general answer. Inability to correctly identify objects may indicate a lesion in the contralateral parietal cortex.
Q7: How can sensory loss patterns help diagnose neurological conditions?
The pattern of sensory loss detected during examination helps diagnose conditions like peripheral neuropathy, radiculopathy, or cortical lesions. A dermatomal pattern of sensory loss suggests radiculopathy or spinal cord lesion, while distal, length-dependent loss indicates peripheral neuropathy. Cortical sensory deficits like extinction on one side may signal contralateral parietal cortex involvement.