Name: glycolysis: atp and nadh formation
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.3

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

- [강사] 당분해 과정의 후반부에글리세르알데히드 3-인산 G3P의 두 분자는반응에 의해 산화되는데글리세르알데히드 인산 디히드로게나아제로 촉진되며불안정한 당에 인산기가 결합되어1,3-비스포스포글라이세레이트를 형성합니다결과적으로, 두 개의 고 에너지 전자와 두 개의 양성자가방출되어 운반체 NAD +가 거둬들이며2 개의 NADH와 수소 이온을 형성됩니다포스포스글리세린산 키나아제가 뒤이어각 1,3-비스포스포글라이세레이트로부터의 인산기를ADP로 옮기며, 두 분자를 생성하는데ATP와 3-포스포스글리세린산에 속합니다다음으로, 효소 포스포글리세린산 무타제가이 분자를 이성체 2-포스포글리세린산으로 전환시키며이로 인해 효소 에놀라아제가물 분자를 방출하여 새로운 이중 결합 구조가 형성되는데이는 포스포에놀피루브산염 또는 PEP입니다피루빈산염 키나아제의 도움으로PEP로부터 인산기가 제거되어ADP에 전달되어 두 개의 ATP분자가최종 생성물 피루빈산염과 함께 생성됩니다따라서, 당분해의 마지막 단계에서총 두 개의 ATP를 비롯한 두 개의 NADH와2 개의 피루빈산염 분자가 생성됩니다산소와 함께, 피루빈산염은 더 분해 될 수 있으며반면 NADH는 전자를전자 전송 사슬로 넘겨 NAD +를 재생시킵니다

에너지를 방출하는 해당과정 단계

해당과정의 첫 단계는 포도당(glucose)을 글리세르알데하이드-3-인산(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 줄여서 G3P; 글리세르알데히드-3-인산)으로 변환하기 위해 에너지를 소모하는 반면, 두 번째 단계는 에너지를 생산합니다. 에너지는 G3P를 피루브산(pyruvate)으로 바꾸는 일련의 화학 반응을 통해 방출됩니다. 에너지를 방출하는 단계(즉 해당과정의 6에서 10까지의 세부단계)는 1에서 5까지의 세부단계 동안 생성된 두 개의 3탄소 당에 맞춰 각 당에 한 번씩, 총 두 번 발생합니다.
 
 첫 번째 에너지 방출 단계(즉 해당과정의 6번째 세부단계)에선 G3P의 산화(oxidation)와 인산화(phosphorylation)가 동시에 일어납니다. 전자(electron)를 운반하는 NAD+는 G3P에서 수소 한 개를 제거하여 G3P를 산화시키며 NAD+를 NADH와 H+로 환원(reduction)합니다. 방출된 에너지는 G3P를 인산화하여 1,3-이중인산글리세르산(1,3-bisphosphoglycerate)으로 만듭니다.
 
 다음 단계에선 1,3-이중인산글리세르산이 인산기(phosphate group)를 공여해 아데노신이인산(ADP)을 아데노신삼인산(ATP)으로 변환하고, 이어서 3-인글리세르산(3-phosphoglycerate)으로 변환합니다. 3-인글리세르산은 그 뒤 이성질체(isomer)인 2-인글리세르산(2-phosphoglycerate)으로 변환합니다.
 
 그 후, 2-인글리세르산은 물 분자를 잃어 불안정한 2-포스포에놀피루브산(2-phosphoenolpyruvate, 줄여서 PEP)이 됩니다. PEP는 인산기를 주변 ADP에게 쉽게 뺏겨서, 이에 따라 ADP가 ATP 분자로 변하면 PEP는 그 과정에서 피루브산이 됩니다.
 
 에너지를 방출하는 해당과정의 세부단계는 (에너지가 필요한 해당과정 단계에서) 변환된 당 1개당 ATP 분자 2개와 NADH 분자 1개를 방출합니다. 다만 에너지가 필요한 해당과정 단계에서 3탄소당 2개가 생성되고 각 당마다 에너지를 방출하는 해당과정 단계 따로 진행되기 때문에, 에너지를 방출하는 해당과정에선 총 ATP 분자 4개와 NADH 분자 2개가 방출됩니다. 따라서 해당과정 전체를 따져보면 해당과정은 포도당 분자 1개당 ATP 분자 2개(에너지 방출과정에서 만든 것 4개에서 에너지 필요과정에서 쓴 것 2개를 뺌)와 NADH 분자 2개를 생성합니다.
 
 해당과정은 하나의 6탄소 포도당 분자에서 두 개의 3탄소 피루브산 분자를 생성합니다. 유산소 환경일 경우 피루브산은 크렙스회로(Krebs cycle)를 통해 이산화탄소로 분해되며 많은 ATP 분자를 방출하게 됩니다. NADH는 세포 내에 축적되어 NAD+로 변환된 뒤 해당과정에 다시 사용될 수 있습니다.

해당과정은 에너지의 활용 또는 방출 여부에 따라 두 단계로 나뉩니다. 첫 번째 단계는 ATP를 소비하는 반면 두 번째 단계는 ...

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glycolysis: atp and nadh formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis.

The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron carrier and removes one hydrogen atom from G3P, forming NADH and H+. The energy released in this step helps turn G3P into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

Next, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate loses a phosphate group and becomes 3-phosphoglycerate. That phosphate group is transferred to ADP, which makes ATP. Then 3-phosphoglycerate changes into its isomer, 2-phosphoglycerate. After that, 2-phosphoglycerate loses water and becomes the unstable compound 2-phosphoenolpyruvate, or PEP.

PEP quickly loses its phosphate group to ADP. This creates a second ATP molecule and leaves pyruvate. For each converted 3-carbon sugar, the energy-releasing phase makes two ATP molecules and one NADH molecule. Because the phase runs twice, glycolysis produces four ATP molecules and two NADH molecules in this stage.

Overall, one glucose molecule yields two pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis has a net gain of two ATP molecules because four ATP are produced and two ATP are used in the energy-requiring phase. It also leaves two NADH molecules in the cell. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate can continue into the Krebs cycle, where it is broken down into carbon dioxide and more ATP is released. NADH can later be converted back into NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

How Food Becomes ATP

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

Track the energy-releasing steps of glycolysis and see how G3P becomes pyruvate while ATP and NADH are produced in the final reactions.

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Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

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