Name: how food becomes atp
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Dietary Connections

포도당 이외에도유기체는 또한 탄수화물, 단백질 및 지방의 형태로음식을 섭취하는데이들은 또한 포도당 경로에서 하나의 역할을 한다여러 간단한 설탕의 체인인 탄수화물은먼저 더 작은 단위로 분해가 되어당분해 경로로 들어가는데여기서 피루빈산염으로 분해가 된다이를테면, 자당은대부분의 과일과 야채에서 발견되는데더 간단한 설탕인 과당과 포도당으로분해가 되고, 그리고 나서당분해 경로에서 분해된다단백질은 효소를 통해서 아미노산으로 분해되고몇몇 아미노산은 재활용 되어서새로운 단백질을 생성하고다른 것은 다른 지점에서 당분해 경로에 들어가는데아릴 아민기가 제거되고 암모니아로 전환이 된후에라야 가능하다마지막으로, 콜레스테롤과 트리글리세라이드 형태의지방은 베타 산화라는 과정에서 분해된다지방산 체인은 아세틸기로 전환되는데이 기는 보효소 A에 의해서 흡수되어구연산 회로를 통하여 그 경로로 들어간다

음식 간 연관성

<h4>개요</h4>
 
 물질대사 경로(metabolic pathway)는 서로 연결되어 있습니다. 해당과정(glycolysis), 피루브산 산화(pyruvate oxidation), 시트르산회로(citric acid cycle)와 같이 포도당을 아데노신삼인산(ATP)으로 변환하는 세포호흡(cellular respiration)은 다른 유기 화합물을 분해하는 과정과 연관되어 있습니다. 그 결과 사과에서 치즈, 과카몰레에 이르는 다양한 음식들은 ATP로 생성됩니다. 음식에는 탄수화물 외에도 단백질과 지질(예: 콜레스테롤, 지방)이 들어 있습니다. 이 모든 유기 화합물은 에너지원으로 사용됩니다 (즉, ATP 생성).
 
 <h4>탄수화물 소화</h4>
 
 인체는 탄수화물을 단당류로 분해하는 여러 효소를 가지고 있습니다. 포도당(glucose)은 해당과정에 직접 들어갈 수 있지만, 과당(fructose; 프럭토스)과 갈락토스(galactose)와 같은 단당류는 해당작용 경로(glycolytic pathway)의 중간체(intermediate)인 당으로 먼저 변환됩니다.
 
 <h4>단백질 소화</h4>
 
 단백질은 효소에 의해 아미노산으로 분해되는데, 이것은 보통 새로운 단백질을 만드는 데 재활용됩니다. 하지만, 만약 몸이 굶주리거나 아미노산이 남아돌면, 어떤 아미노산은 아미노기(amino group)를 잃은 뒤 세포호흡에 쓰일 수 있습니다. 손실된 아미노기는 암모니아로 변환되고 폐기물로 모입니다. 여러 아미노산은 해당과정, 피루브산 산화, 시트르산회로를 포함한 다양한 단계의 세포호흡에 참여합니다. 아미노산은 또한 세포호흡 과정의 중간체로부터 생성될 수도 있습니다.
 
 <h4>지방 소화</h4>
 
 콜레스테롤과 중성지방(triglyceride; 트라이글리세라이드)과 같은 지질도 세포호흡 경로에서 생성되고 분해될 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 트라이글리세라이드는 글리세롤과 세 가지 지방산으로 구성되어 있습니다. 인산화 글리세롤(phosphorylated glycerol)은 해당과정에서 사용될 수 있습니다. 지방산은 베타산화(beta-oxidation)라고 불리는 일련의 반응을 통해 아세틸 CoA(acetyl CoA)로 변환된 후 시트르산회로에서 사용됩니다.
 
 따라서 생화학적 에너지는 탄수화물, 단백질, 지질에서 ATP의 형태로 얻을 수 있습니다.

생물학적 시스템에서 대부분의 대사 경로는 상호 연결되어 있습니다. 포도당을 ATP로 전환하는 세포 호흡 과정 - 예를 들어 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

생물학

Cellular Processes

세포 과정

Cellular Respiration

세포 호흡

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

how food becomes atp

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy.

Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway.

Proteins are digested into amino acids. The body usually recycles these amino acids to build new proteins. If the body is starving or has extra amino acids, some amino acids lose their amino groups and can enter cellular respiration. The lost amino groups become ammonia and are added to waste products. Different amino acids can enter at glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, or the citric acid cycle. Amino acids can also be made from intermediates in cellular respiration.

Lipids also connect to energy production. Triglycerides, or fats, are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. Phosphorylated glycerol enters glycolysis. Fatty acids first go through beta-oxidation, a series of reactions that converts them into acetyl CoA. They then enter the citric acid cycle. In this way, biochemical energy in the form of ATP can come from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

How Food Becomes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enter cellular respiration and help make ATP. Learn how digestion links food molecules to energy.

How Food Becomes ATP | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

Life Science

HS-LS1-7

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-3

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-6.

HS-LS1-7.

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BIO1.LS1.1

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Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures.
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BIO1.LS1.2

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Mutations

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Transcription

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Translation

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Protein Complex Assembly

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Conjugated Proteins

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Phosphorylation

Ligand Binding Sites

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BIO1.LS1.3

How Food Becomes ATP

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