Name: small and large intestine functions
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Anatomy of the Intestines

- [강사] 작고 큰창자는영양분과 물을 흡수합니다.소장은 좁은 편이지만기관은 길이가 약 22피트이고복강 내에 압착되어 있습니다.유미즙은 십이지장에먼저 도달한 다음 중간으로 이동하고가장 긴 부분은 공장입니다.여기에는 내부 라이닝에 점막 주름이 포함되어 있는데,여기에는 손가락과 같은 융모가 덮여 있습니다.상피 세포의 상부층은미세 융모라 불리는 세포질 확장을 갖는다.이 세 가지 구조는 영양소가최적으로 흡수되도록소장의 표면적을 증가시킵니다.소장 끝부분에는회맹 판에 의해 대장에 부착되는회장이 있습니다.대장의 첫 번째 부분인 맹장에는주름이나 융모가 없습니다.오히려 셀룰로스를 분해하는소화의 마지막 단계를 수행하는대규모 박테리아 생태계의 본고장입니다.맹장의 바닥에 매달려있는 것은 맹장,작은 임파선 구조입니다.그 위에는 상행 결장이 시작되고그다음에 가로 결장이생겨 나머지 물과 전해질의 대부분이 흡수되어유미즙가 대변이 됩니다.마지막 부위, 내림 결장, S 상 결장및 직장은 항문을 통해 제거될 때까지 대변을 저장합니다.

Javitt, Norman B. "간 담즙 형성의 역사: 오래된 문제, 새로운 접근법." Advances in Physiology Education 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 279–85. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00076.2014">출처</a>]
Shetty, Sudarshan A., Floor Hugenholtz, Leo Lahti, Hauke Smidt, and Willem M. de Vos. "장내 마이크로바이옴 조경: 지역사회 집합체에 대한 통찰력 및 미생물 조절 전략에 대한 함의." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 41, no. 2 (March 2017): 182–99. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw045" target="__blank">소스</a>]
웬(Wen), 리(Li), 앤드류 더피(Andrew Duffy). "장내 미생물군, 염증 및 제2형 당뇨병에 영향을 미치는 요인." The Journal of Nutrition 147, no. 7 (2017년 7월): 1468S-1475S. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.240754" target="__blank">소스</a>]

장의 해부학적 구조

단백질, 탄수화물, 그리고 지질의 소화는 위에서 시작해 장에서 완성됩니다. 음식과 음료의 영양분, 물, 전해질의 흡수도 장에서 일어납니다. 장은 구조적으로 구별되는 두 개의 기관, 즉 소장(small intestine)과 대장(large intestine)으로 나눌 수 있습니다.
 
 <h4>소장</h4>
 
 소장은 안지름이 2.5cm에 불과한 22m 길이의 관입니다. 대부분의 영양소가 여기서 흡수되기 때문에 소장의 내벽은 매우 복잡하고 융모(villi)라고 불리는 손가락 같은 돌기로 뒤덮여 있는데, 각 융모는 수백 개의 미세융모(microvilli)를 포함하고 있습니다. 소장의 주름, 융모, 미세융모는 흡수 표면적을 60배에서 120배까지 증폭합니다. 늘어난 표면적은 영양소가 흡수될 수 있는 충분한 기회를 제공합니다.
 
 소장은 유문괄약근(pyloric sphincter)에 의해 위장에 연결됩니다. 유문괄약근은 유미즙(chyme)이 십이지장(duodenum; 소장의 시작)으로 이동하면 닫힙니다. 소장의 중간이자 가장 큰 부분은 공장(jejunum)입니다. 회장(ileum)은 소장을 끝맺고 회맹판(ileocecal valve)을 통해 대장에 부착합니다.
 
 <h4>대장</h4>
 
 대장은 맹장(cecum)에서 시작됩니다. 충수(appendix)는 작은 림프 구조(lymphatic structure)로 맹장의 바닥에 매달려 있습니다. 맹장의 위로는 상행결장(ascending colon)이 있고 횡행결장(transverse colon)이 그 뒤를 잇습니다. 이 두 기관이 유미즙에 남은 물과 전해질 대부분을 흡수한 뒤 대변으로 바꿉니다. 하행결장(descending colon), S상결장(sigmoid colon), 직장(rectum)은 항문(anus)에서 배설될 때까지 대변을 저장합니다.
 
 전체적으로 대장의 길이는 약 1.5m, 안지름은 4.8cm입니다. 대장은 주름과 융모를 가지고 있지 않지만 흡수성 상피세포(absorptive epithelial cell)에 미세융모가 있습니다. 대장은 소화의 마지막 단계를 실행하는 박테리아 생태계의 본거지입니다. 박테리아는 위장과 소장이 처리할 수 없는 셀룰로스(cellulose)와 섬유질을 분해합니다.
 
 <h4>박테리아 다양성</h4>
 
 대장에는 700여 종의 박테리아를 포함하고 있습니다. 박테리아의 다양성(bacterial diversity)은 비만과 2형 당뇨병의 발병과 관련이 있다고 여겨집니다. 비만인 사람은 비만이 아닌 사람보다 박테리아 균주가 적습니다. 또한, 낮은 박테리아의 다양성은 인슐린 저항성과 관련이 있습니다. 장내 박테리아의 생태계—장 생물군계 (gut biome)—는 출생 후에 개인의 유전, 식사, 연령, 성별 및 면역 체계에 의해 형성됩니다. 식사, 건강 상태, 투약, 지리적 위치 같은 외부 요인도 장 생물군계의 복잡성에 크게 영향을 미칩니다.

단백질, 탄수화물 및 지질의 소화는 위에서 시작될 수 있지만 장에서 완료됩니다. 영양소, 물, ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Human Biology

인체 생물학

Nutrition and Digestion

영양과 소화

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

small and large intestine functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination.

The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of microvilli, and the folds, villi, and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption by 60 to 120 times.

The small intestine connects to the stomach through the pyloric sphincter. When chyme moves into the duodenum, which is the start of the small intestine, this sphincter closes off. The middle section is the jejunum, and the ileum is the final part. The ileum joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.

The large intestine begins at the cecum. The appendix, a small lymphatic structure, hangs from the bottom of the cecum. Above it are the ascending colon and then the transverse colon. These sections absorb most of the remaining water and electrolytes from chyme and help turn it into feces.

The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum store feces until they leave the body through the anus. The large intestine is about 1.5 m long and has an inner diameter of 4.8 cm. Unlike the small intestine, it does not have folds or villi, although its absorptive epithelial cells do have microvilli.

The large intestine also supports a bacterial ecosystem that carries out the final stages of digestion. These bacteria can break down cellulose and fiber, which the stomach and small intestine are not well equipped to process. The large intestine contains over 700 different species of bacteria, and this diversity may be linked to obesity and Type 2 diabetes. People with obesity tend to have fewer bacterial strains than people who are not obese, and low diversity has also been associated with insulin resistance.

The gut biome is established shortly after birth. Babies who are breastfed develop it from bacteria present in breast milk. After birth, genetics, diet, age, sex, and the immune system help shape the biome. External factors such as diet, health status, medications, and geographical location also affect how complex the gut biome becomes.

Small and Large Intestine Functions

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the small and large intestines absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes, and learn how gut bacteria help finish digestion in high school biology.

Small and Large Intestine Functions | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS-LS1-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.45

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

myJoVE Corporation

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body&#39;s structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, ...

Tissues

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Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Mitochondria

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Introduction to Cytoskeleton

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1. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how differences in cellular structure (mitochondria, cytoskeletal structure, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane) lead to differences in the function and organization of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous).

9-12.HA.1.1

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the ...

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Dermis
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. ...

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

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2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how the structures of the integumentary system and its accessory organs contribute to its function. Examples: how the layers of the skin contribute to homeostasis, the role of glands in thermoregulation and in hydration of skin and mucous membranes, the protective functions of hair and nails

9-12.HA.1.2

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Surface Membrane Barriers

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...

a. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the integumentary system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain how changes in vessel diameter and evaporation of water over the skin contribute to thermoregulation (cardiovascular). Explain how sweat is used to excrete nitrogenous waste from the blood (cardiovascular). Explain how the skin and mucous membranes create a barrier against infection (immune system).

9-12.HA.1.2.a

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Joints

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3. Develop and use a model to illustrate how the structures of the skeletal system contribute to its function. Examples: Create a diagram or 3D model to illustrate bone shape, joint types, and bones in the appendicular and axial skeletons. Use models to illustrate the role of the skeletal system in movements around joints, support of a body structure, and protection of soft tissues.

9-12.HA.1.3

bone-formation-by-endochondral-ossification

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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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a. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information describing the growth and development of the skeletal system.

9-12.HA.1.3.a

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b. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the skeletal system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain the role of spongy bone in hematopoiesis (cardiovascular system) and leukopoiesis (immune system). Explain how the storage of minerals in bone contributes to homeostasis.

9-12.HA.1.3.b

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Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

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4. Develop and build a three-dimensional model to illustrate the structures of the muscular system, including muscle locations, origins, and insertions, and explain their roles in movement and support. Example: Design and build a model of a lever to illustrate the relationship between bones and muscles and explain their roles in body movement and support.

9-12.HA.1.4

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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

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a. Model the cellular physiology of skeletal muscle, including how the cell functions in muscle contraction and relaxation. Example: Use straws and paper to create a model of a sarcomere to illustrate how the fibers move during contraction and relaxation.

9-12.HA.1.4.a

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b. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain muscle fatigue and tone in terms of muscle cell physiology.

9-12.HA.1.4.b

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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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5. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information explaining the relationship between the structures and functions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

9-12.HA.1.5

Action Potential

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Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

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a. Use a model to illustrate the role of action potentials in neural transmission. Clarification: Discussions of sodium-potassium pumps and ion channels are not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.a

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

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A ...

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b. Construct an explanation of the role of reflex arcs, the central nervous system, and special senses in the response to stimuli to maintain homeostasis and guide behavior. Example: smelling a strong odor initiating a sneeze response using a reflex arc; pupil diameter changing in relation to the amount of light entering the eye Clarification: Discussion of the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.b

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The Synapse

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c. Construct an explanation of the role of neurotransmitters in the functions and behavior of the nervous system. Clarification: Discussion of classes of neurotransmitters is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.c

Small and Large Intestine Functions

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