Name: cellular respiration: atp production steps
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:48:32.000Z
Duration: 1 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.G

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

세포 호흡은 이화 과정이며생체 분자가 분해되어서전자 전달 연쇄 계를 통해 사용 가능한 에너지를 만드는 것을 칭한다.이 과정은 사람 안의 산소를 필요로하며 이는 대부분의 다른 생물도 같다.이 과정에서 이산화탄소, 물, 열, 그리고 ATP 형식의 사용 가능한 에너지를 생산한다이 과정에서 이산화탄소, 물, 열, 그리고 ATP 형식의 사용 가능한 에너지를 생산한다다른 많은 생체 분자,당, 아미노산, 지방질이세포 호흡에 이용 될 수 있을 때포도당은 원형으로 이용된다.그리하여 세포 호흡 등식은C6 H12 O6 + 여섯 개의 O2는C6 H12 O6 + 여섯 개의 O2는여섯 개의 이산화 탄소와 여섯 개의 H20 그리고 에너지를 만들며이는 광합성의 반대이기도 합니다.이 반응은 사실 여러 단계에서 발생하며당 분해는 세포질 안에서,피루비산염 산화와 구연산 회로는미토콘드리아에서,그리고 산화성 인산화는미토콘드리아 내막 위에서 발생한다.이 같은 세포 방식의 활동이 모여편모 운동, 근육 수축에서부터생체 분자 분해를 통해 ATP를 생성하는 것까지 이루게 해준다.

세포호흡이란 무엇인가?

유기체는 음식으로부터 에너지를 수확하지만, 이 에너지는 세포에 의해 직접적으로 사용될 수 없습니다. 세포는 영양소에 저장된 에너지를 보다 유용한 형태인 아데노신삼인산(adenosine triphosphate, 줄여서 ATP)으로 변환합니다.
 
 ATP는 필요할 때 빨리 방출할 수 있는 화학 결합에 에너지를 저장합니다. 세포는 세포호흡(cellular respiration) 과정을 통해 ATP의 형태로 에너지를 생산합니다. 세포호흡에서 나오는 많은 에너지가 열로 방출되지만, 그중 일부는 ATP를 만드는 데 사용됩니다.
 
 세포호흡 중 몇몇 산화환원반응(oxidation-reduction, 줄여서 redox)은 유기 분자에서 다른 분자로 전자(electron)를 전달합니다. 여기서 산화(oxidation)는 전자 손실을, 환원(reduction)은 전자 획득을 의미합니다. 전자운반체(electron carrier) NAD+와 FAD는 각각 환원된 형태인 NADH와 FADH2와 함께 세포호흡의 여러 단계에서 중요한 역할을 합니다.
 
 어떤 원핵생물(prokaryote)은 산소가 필요하지 않은 무산소(anaerobic; 혐기성) 호흡을 합니다. 대부분의 유기체는 훨씬 더 많은 ATP를 생산하는 유산소(aerobic; 호기성) 호흡을 합니다. 유산소 호흡은 포도당과 산소를 이산화탄소와 물로 분해함으로써 ATP를 발생시킵니다.
 
 유산소 호흡과 무산소 호흡 모두 산소가 필요하지 않은 해당과정(glycolysis)으로부터 시작됩니다. 해당과정은 포도당을 피루브산(pyruvate)으로 분해하여 ATP를 생성합니다. 산소가 없을 경우, 피루브산이 발효해서 해당과정을 지속하기 위한 NAD+를 생성합니다. 여러 종류의 효모는 이를 통해 알코올 발효를 합니다. 인간의 근육 세포는 산소가 고갈되면 유산(lactic acid) 발효를 합니다. 따라서 무산소 호흡은 발효로 끝납니다.
 
 한편, 유산소 호흡은 피루브산 산화와 함께 계속됩니다. 피루브산 산화는 시트르산회로(citric acid cycle)로 들어가는 아세틸 CoA(acetyl CoA)를 생성합니다. 시트르산회로는 아세틸 CoA의 결합 에너지를 방출하는 여러 산화환원반응으로 구성되며, ATP와 환원된 전자운반체 NADH와 FADH2를 생성합니다.
 
 세포호흡의 마지막 단계인 산화적 인산화(oxidative phosphorylation)는 ATP의 대부분을 생성합니다. NADH와 FADH2는 전자전달계(electron transport chain)를 통해 전자를 전달합니다. 전자전달계는 양성자를 배출하는 데 사용되는 에너지를 방출하고, 배출된 양성자는 ATP 합성을 가능하게 하는 양성자 구배(proton gradient)를 형성합니다.

유기체는 음식에서 에너지를 수확하지만 이 에너지는 세포가 직접 사용할 수 없습니다. 세포는 영양소에 저장된 에너지를 더 유용한 에너지로 변환합니다 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Cellular Processes

세포 과정

Cellular Respiration

세포 호흡

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

cellular respiration: atp production steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP.

This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their reduced forms NADH and FADH2, play essential roles in several stages of cellular respiration.

Most organisms use aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and breaks down glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. Some prokaryotes use anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with glycolysis, and glycolysis can happen without oxygen.

Glycolysis splits glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP. If oxygen is missing, pyruvate undergoes fermentation so NAD+ can be regenerated for continued glycolysis. Yeast carry out alcoholic fermentation, while human muscle cells can use lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is low. Anaerobic respiration ends with fermentation.

Aerobic respiration continues after glycolysis with pyruvate oxidation. This step converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle uses several redox reactions to release the bond energy of acetyl-CoA and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

The final stage is oxidative phosphorylation, which makes most of the ATP. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons through the electron transport chain. The chain releases energy that pumps protons, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis. For most organisms, aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

cellular-respiration-atp-production-steps

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

How Food Becomes ATP

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cells make ATP through glycolysis, fermentation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

3.1.9-12.J

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-7

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

Environmental Science

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Tennessee Academic Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

LS.4

LS.4.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.3

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-5

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.21

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.1

9-12.B.1.5

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-LS2-3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.8

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-7.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-7.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Botany

SBO1.

Respiration

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Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

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