Name: how cellular respiration makes atp
Uploaded: 2019-08-01T09:24:07.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.4

LS.4.b

ATP Yield

세포 호흡에서서른 개 또는 서른 두 개의 분자 생성은높은 에너지 분자의 순차적 생산의 결과입니다.당 분해에서 두 개의 ATP, 두 개의 NADH,피루브산염 산화에서 두 개의 NADH두 개의 ATP, 여섯 개의 NADH, 두 개의 FADH2는두 개의 ATP, 여섯 개의 NADH, 두 개의 FADH2는구연산 회로에서,그리고 대략 스물여섯 개 또는 스물여덟 개의 ATP가산화성 인산화에서 생성됩니다.이 다양한 ATP는 대략 세 이유로 설명이 됩니다.첫 번째로, 전자 전달체인 NADH와 FADH2가 수소 이온을막 사이로 주입해 간접적으로 ATP를 생성하기 때문이고막 사이로 주입해 간접적으로 ATP를 생성하기 때문이고ATP의 이론적 일부를 생성합니다각각 2.5 그리고 1.5에 해당하는 ATP입니다.두 번째로, 당 분해에서 생성된 NADH는미토콘드리아 막을 통화할 수 없고그리하여 가진 고에너지 전자를미토콘드리아 안에 있는 다른 전자 전달체로 넘겨야 합니다.그리고 세포 유형에 따라FADH2 또는 NADH를 생성하며이 두 개는 각각 1.5 또는 2.5 ATP를 생성합니다.세 번째로, 호흡을 통해 생성되는 에너지는피루브산염 수송 같은 다른 활동을 할 수 있게 해줍니다.이 활동은 미토콘드리아 막을 통해서서른 개 또는 서른두 개의 ATP를 생성합니다.

atp 수율

세포 호흡(cellular respiration)은 포도당 분자당 30-32개의 아데노신삼인산(adenosine triphosphate, 줄여서 ATP) 분자를 생성합니다. 대부분의 ATP는 산화적 인산화(oxidative phosphorylation)와 및 전자전달계(electron transport chain)에서 발생하지만, 4개의 ATP는 사전에 획득됩니다 (2개는 해당과정(glycolysis)에서, 2개는 시트르산회로(citric acid cycle)에서).
 
 전자전달계는 내부 미토콘드리아 막에 내장되어 있으며 4개의 주요 단백질 복합체(I, II, III, IV)와 ATP 합성효소(ATP synthase)로 구성되어 있습니다. NADH와 FADH2는 이러한 복합체에 전자(electron)를 전달하여 양성자(proton)를 막간공간(intermembrane space)으로 펌프질합니다. 이러한 양성자 분포는 막 전체에 걸쳐 농도 구배(concentration gradient)를 생성합니다. 이러한 농도 구배는 양성자가 ATP 합성효소를 통해 미토콘드리아 기질로 다시 흐를 때 ATP의 생성을 촉진합니다.
 
 NADH가 복합체 I에 전달하는 전자 2개당 복합체 I과 III는 각각 양성자 4개를 펌프질하고 복합체 IV는 양성자 2개를 펌프질하여 총 3개의 복합체가 양성자 10개를 펌프질합니다. 복합체 II는 NADH가 시작한 전자전달에 관여하지 않습니다. 한편, FADH2는 전자 2개를 복합체 II에 전달하며, 이렇게 전달된 전자 2개당 총 6개의 양성자가 펌프질 됩니다 (복합체 III가 양성자 4개, 복합체 IV가 양성자 2개를 펌프질합니다).
 
 ATP 1개를 합성하려면 양성자 4개가 필요합니다. NADH 1개당 양성자 10개가 펌프질되므로, NADH 1개는 ATP 2.5개를 생성합니다 (즉, 10/4). FADH2 1개당 양성자 6개가 펌프질되므로, FADH2 1개는 ATP 1.5개를 생성합니다 (즉, 6/4).
 
 세포 호흡은 포도당 분자 1개당 최대 10개의 NADH와 2개의 FADH2를 생성합니다. NADH 1개는 2.5 ATP를 생산하고, FADH2 1개는 1.5 ATP를 생성하므로, 총 25 + 3, 즉 28개의 ATP가 산화적 인산화에서 생성됩니다. 산화적 인산화 이전에 4개의 ATP가 생성되었으므로, 세포 호흡 전체를 보면 포도당 분자 1개당 최대 32개의 ATP를 생성합니다.
 
 여기서 중요한 것은 해당과정은 세포액(cytosol)에서 일어나고 전자전달계는 (진핵생물의 경우) 미토콘드리아에서 일어난다는 것입니다. 미토콘드리아 막은 NADH가 침투할 수 없으므로, 해당과정에 의해 생성된 NADH의 전자 2개는 미토콘드리아에 따로 운반해야 합니다. 전자는 일단 미토콘드리아 내부로 들어가면 NAD+ 또는 FAD로 전달될 수 있습니다. 전자운반체(electron carrier)에 따라 다른 ATP 수율을 고려할 때, 세포 호흡의 총 수율은 포도당 분자 1개당 ATP 30개에서 32개입니다.

ATP 수율

세포 호흡은 포도당 분자당 30 - 32 ATP를 생성합니다. ATP의 대부분은 산화적 인산화와 전자 수송의 결과이지만 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Cellular Processes

세포 과정

Cellular Respiration

세포 호흡

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

how cellular respiration makes atp

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle.

The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to these complexes. As electrons move through the chain, the complexes pump protons into the intermembrane space and build a gradient across the membrane.

That proton gradient powers ATP production. Protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, and this flow drives ATP formation. For every 2 electrons that NADH sends through complex I, 10 protons are pumped in total. Complex I and complex III each pump 4 protons, and complex IV pumps 2 protons. Complex II is not part of the electron chain started by NADH.

FADH2 follows a different path. It passes 2 electrons to complex II, so a total of 6 protons are pumped per FADH2. In this case, complex III pumps 4 protons and complex IV pumps 2 protons. Four protons are needed to make 1 ATP. That means 1 NADH yields 2.5 ATP, and 1 FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP.

Per glucose molecule, cellular respiration can produce up to 10 NADH and 2 FADH2. Since each NADH makes 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 makes 1.5 ATP, oxidative phosphorylation produces 25 ATP from NADH and 3 ATP from FADH2. Adding the 4 ATP made before that stage gives a maximum of 32 ATP per glucose molecule. In eukaryotes, glycolysis happens in the cytosol, and the ETC is in the mitochondria.

The mitochondrial membrane does not let NADH cross. Because of that, the electrons from the 2 NADH made in glycolysis must be shuttled into the mitochondria. Once inside, those electrons may be passed to NAD+ or FAD. Since the shuttle path can change the carrier used, the total ATP yield of cellular respiration is usually 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule.

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

How Food Becomes ATP

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how cellular respiration turns glucose into ATP through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, for a total of 30 to 32 ATP.

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

High School

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-5

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.5

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-7.

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-7

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How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

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