Name: cell chemistry: water and macromolecules
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:53.000Z
Duration: 2 min 58 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Systems

3.3.9-12.K

Chemistry of the Cell

세포는 살아있는 유기체의 기본 구성 요소입니다. 그것은 대부분 물, 유기 분자 및 무기 이온으로 구성됩니다. 물은 세포의 약 70 퍼센트를 차지합니다.

세포질의 이 수성 환경은 세포의 구조와 그 안에서 발생하는 많은 반응에 필수적입니다. 물은 극성이 높은 분자이므로 세포의 다른 극성 분자 및 이온과 상호 작용하지만 비극성 분자와는 상호 작용하지 않습니다. 세포질의 친수성 환경은 단백질의 3 차원 구조의 형성을 촉진하며 중심핵에는 무극성 아미노산, 표면에는 극성 아미노산이 있습니다.

막이 형성될 때 인지질의 극성 헤드 그룹은 물과 상호 작용합니다. 대조적으로 무극성 꼬리는 서로 상호 작용하여 세포 외부에 소수성 장벽을 만듭니다. 세포와 구획에 있는 생물학적 액체의 pH는 정확하게 완충됩니다.

세포질의 pH는 약 7.2이며 인산 이온과 같은 분자에 의해 조절됩니다. 대조적으로 특수 세포 구획인 리소좀의 pH는 약 5입니다. 리소솜이 산성 환경에서 최적으로 기능하는 효소를 함유하고 있기 때문입니다.

세포의 유기 분자에는 탄수화물, 단백질, 지질 및 뉴클레오타이드가 포함됩니다. 이러한 다양한 거대 분자는 모두 다양한 역할을 합니다. 탄수화물은 다양한 대사 과정에 동력을 공급하는 주요 에너지 원입니다.

그러나 세포는 단백질과 지질도 분해하여 연료로 사용할 수 있습니다. 단백질은 반응을 촉매하는 효소로 되거나 세포 구조에 기여할 수 있습니다. 지질은 세포막의 중요한 성분입니다.

게다가 이러한 거대 분자는 서로 공유 결합하여 종종 세포막에서 발견되는 당단백질 및 당지질과 같은 결합체를 형성할 수 있습니다. 뉴클레오타이드는 유전 물질로 작용하고 단백질과 결합하여 세포에서 DNA를 든든히 포장하는 핵 단백질과 관련이 있습니다. 뉴클레오타이드 ATP는 또한 많은 세포 과정의 에너지원입니다.

세포 기능에 중요한 무기 이온에는 나트륨, 칼륨, 마그네슘, 칼슘, 인산염 및 염화물이 포함됩니다. 이러한 이온들은 세포 질량의 1퍼센트 미만을 차지하지만 세포 내에서 다양한 역할을 합니다. 예를 들어 칼슘과 같은 이온은 세포 전체에 생물학적 신호를 전달하는 데 사용되는 반면 마그네슘은 많은 효소의 촉매 활성에 필수적입니다.

<ol>
	<li>쿠퍼 GM. 세포: 분자적 접근. 2판. 선덜랜드(MA): 시나우어 어소시에이츠; 2000. 2 장, 세포의 화학. 다음에서 사용 가능: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9884/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9884/</a></li>
	<li>Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. 세포의 분자 생물학. 4판. 뉴욕 : Garland Science; 2002. 세포의 화학 성분. 다음에서 사용 가능: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26883/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26883/</a></li>
	<li>쿠퍼 GM. 세포: 분자적 접근. 2판. 선덜랜드(MA): 시나우어 어소시에이츠; 2000. 세포의 분자 구성. 다음에서 사용 가능: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9879/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9879/</a></li>
</ol>

세포의 화학

세포는 화학적으로 물, 유기 분자 및 무기 이온으로 구성됩니다.

물

물 분자의 극성과 그에 따른 수소 결합은 물을 생명 과정과 밀접하게 연결된 특별한 특성을 지닌 독특한 물질로 만듭니다. 생명은 원래 수성 환경에서 진화했으며 유기체의 세포 화학 및 대사의 대부분은 세포질의 수성 내용물 내부에서 발생합니다. 물의 특별한 특성은 높은 열용량과 기화열, 극성 분자를 용해하는 능력, 응집력과 접착력, pH의 기초가 되는 이온으로의 해리 등입니다. 물의 이러한 특성을 이해하는 것은 생명 유지에 있어서 물의 중요성을 밝히는 데 도움이 됩니다.

물의 중요한 특성 중 하나는 극성 분자라는 것입니다. 물 분자(H_2O) 내의 수소와 산소는 극성 공유 결합을 형성합니다. 물 분자에는 순 전하가 없지만 물의 극성은 수소에 대해 약간의 양전하를 생성하고 산소에 대해 약간의 음전하를 생성하여 물의 인력 특성에 기여합니다. 물은 산소가 수소보다 전기음성도가 더 높기 때문에 전하를 생성합니다. 공유 전자가 수소 핵보다 산소 핵 근처에 있을 가능성이 더 높으므로 산소 근처에서 부분 음전하가 생성됩니다.

물의 극성으로 인해 각 물 분자는 물 분자 사이의 반대 전하로 인해 다른 물 분자를 끌어당겨 수소 결합을 형성합니다. 물은 또한 다른 극성 분자와 이온을 끌어당깁니다. 물과 쉽게 상호작용하거나 물에 용해되는 극성 물질은 친수성입니다. 대조적으로, 기름이나 지방과 같은 비극성 분자는 물과 잘 상호 작용하지 않습니다. 이러한 비극성 화합물은 소수성입니다.

유기 분자

단백질, 탄수화물, 핵산 및 지질은 생물학적 거대분자의 네 가지 주요 클래스입니다-즉, 더 작은 유기 분자로 구성된 생명에 필요한 큰 분자입니다. 거대분자는 과학자들이 공유 결합으로 결합하여 더 큰 중합체를 형성하는 단량체라고 부르는 단일 단위로 구성됩니다. 폴리머는 부품의 합 그 이상입니다. 폴리머는 새로운 특성을 획득하고 구성 요소에 의해 형성된 것보다 훨씬 낮은 삼투압을 발생시킵니다. 이는 세포 삼투압 조건을 유지하는 데 중요한 이점입니다. 단량체는 물 분자가 방출되면서 다른 단량체와 결합하여 공유 결합이 형성됩니다. 과학자들은 이러한 탈수 또는 응축 반응을 부릅니다. 중합체가 더 작은 단위(단량체)로 분해될 때 이러한 반응에 의해 끊어진 각 결합에 물 분자를 사용합니다. 이러한 반응은 가수분해 반응입니다. 탈수 및 가수분해 반응은 모든 거대분자에서 유사하지만 각 단량체 및 중합체 반응은 해당 클래스에 따라 다릅니다. 탈수 반응은 일반적으로 새로운 결합 형성을 위해 에너지 투자가 필요한 반면, 가수분해 반응은 일반적으로 결합을 끊어 에너지를 방출합니다.

탄수화물 탄수화물은 세포의 필수 에너지원이며 식물 세포, 균류 및 바닷가재, 게, 새우, 곤충 및 거미를 포함한 모든 절지동물에 구조적 지원을 제공하는 거대분자 그룹입니다. 탄수화물은 단당류, 이당류, 다당류로 분류할 수 있습니다. 전분이나 글리코겐과 같은 중합체 형태의 포도당 저장은 신진대사에 대한 접근성을 약간 떨어뜨립니다. 그러나 이는 세포 밖으로 누출되거나 세포가 과도한 물을 흡수하게 만드는 높은 삼투압을 생성하는 것을 방지합니다.

단백질 단백질은 세포에 대해 다양한 기능을 수행하는 거대분자의 한 종류입니다. 이것은 효소, 운반체 또는 호르몬으로 작용하여 신진 대사를 돕고 구조적 지원을 제공합니다. 단백질의 구성 요소는 아미노산입니다.

지질 지질은 본질적으로 비극성 및 소수성인 거대분자의 한 종류입니다. 주요 유형에는 지방 및 오일, 왁스, 인지질 및 스테로이드가 포함됩니다. 지방은 저장된 에너지 형태이며 트리아실글리세롤 또는 트리글리세리드로도 알려져 있습니다. 콜레스테롤은 스테로이드의 일종이며 원형질막의 중요한 구성성분으로, 막의 유동성을 유지하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

핵산 핵산은 세포 분열 및 단백질 합성과 같은 세포 활동을 지시하는 뉴클레오티드로 구성된 분자입니다. 핵산에는 DNA와 RNA의 두 가지 유형이 있습니다. DNA는 세포의 유전적 청사진을 담고 있으며 이를 부모에게서 자손에게 전달합니다. RNA는 단백질 합성과 그 조절에 관여합니다.

무기 이온

무기 이온은 세포 질량의 1% 미만을 구성하지만 세포 기능에 중요합니다. 세포에서 발견되는 것에는 나트륨, 칼륨, 마그네슘, 칼슘, 인산염 및 염화물이 포함됩니다.

이 문서는 에서 발췌되었습니다 <a href="https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e">Openstax, Biology 2e, Unit 1: </a><a href="https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e">The Chemistry of Life</a>.

세포는 화학적으로 물, 유기 분자 및 무기 이온으로 구성되어 있습니다.
물
물 분자의 극성과 그로 인한 수소 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Chemistry

화학

하나

Biochemistry

생화학

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

cell chemistry: water and macromolecules

Cell chemistry includes water, organic molecules, and inorganic ions. These materials shape how cells store energy, build structures, and carry out life processes. Most cellular chemistry and metabolism happen in the watery cytoplasm.

Water is a key part of the cell because it has special properties tied to its polarity. In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen form polar covalent bonds, so the molecule has no net charge but does have a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end. Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so shared electrons spend more time near oxygen. This polarity lets water molecules attract each other and form hydrogen bonds.

Water also interacts with other substances in important ways. It can dissolve polar molecules and attract ions. A substance that mixes well with water is hydrophilic, while nonpolar substances such as oils and fats are hydrophobic. Water also has high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization, and it shows cohesive and adhesive behavior. When water dissociates into ions, it helps form the basis of pH.

The cell also contains the four major classes of biological macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids. Macromolecules are large molecules built from smaller monomers that join by covalent bonds to make polymers. Polymers have properties that are different from their building blocks, including lower osmotic pressure than the parts would create alone. Monomers join in dehydration, or condensation, reactions, which release water. Polymers break apart in hydrolysis reactions, which use water. Dehydration usually needs energy, while hydrolysis usually releases energy.

Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support. They can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Cells store glucose in polymers such as starch or glycogen. This storage form is less available for metabolism, but it helps keep glucose from leaking out and helps prevent high osmotic pressure that could draw too much water into the cell.

Proteins have many jobs in the cell. They can act as enzymes, carriers, or hormones, and they also provide structural support. Their building blocks are amino acids. Lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major lipid types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats, also called triacylglycerols or triglycerides, store energy. Cholesterol is a steroid that helps maintain the fluid nature of the plasma membrane.

Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides and direct cell activities such as cell division and protein synthesis. DNA stores the genetic blueprint and passes it from parents to offspring. RNA helps with protein synthesis and its control. Inorganic ions make up less than 1% of cell mass, but they are still essential. Important ions include sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, and chloride.

Cell Chemistry: Water and Macromolecules

functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Functional groups in organic chemistry are groups of atoms that give molecules specific properties. When these groups attach to a carbon skeleton, they can change how the molecule behaves. Some functional groups make a molecule hydrophilic, or water-attracting. Others make it hydrophobic, or water-repelling. Functional groups are a key part of organic chemistry and are also found in major biological molecules. They appear in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each functional...

structure of lipids

Lipids, Fats, and Cell Membranes

Lipids are nonpolar molecules that do not mix well with water. They are hydrophobic, which means “water fearing,” because they contain mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. In cells, lipids store long-term energy as fats, help insulate plants and animals, and form protective water-repellent layers on feathers and fur. They are also part of cell membranes and serve as building blocks for many hormones. Common lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. A...

chemistry of the cell

Cell chemistry includes water, organic molecules, and inorganic ions. These materials shape how cells store energy, build structures, and carry out life processes. Most cellular chemistry and metabolism happen in the watery cytoplasm. Water is a key part of the cell because it has special properties tied to its polarity. In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen form polar covalent bonds, so the molecule has no net charge but does have a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end. Oxygen...

dna base pairing

Chargaff’s Rules and DNA Pairing

Chargaff’s rules and DNA base pairing explain how DNA strands match up. In double-stranded DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). Chargaff also found that A equals T, G equals C, and the total amount of purines (A and G) equals the total amount of pyrimidines (C and T). Watson and Crick later showed why these matches matter. A forms two hydrogen bonds with T, while G forms three hydrogen bonds with C. These pairings keep the DNA double helix a...

chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates as Energy and Storage Molecules

Carbohydrates are important energy sources in human and animal diets. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates. They help provide energy to the body, especially through glucose, a simple sugar found in starch and many staple foods. Carbohydrates are identified by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. This means the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is usually 1:2:1. The name carbohydrate comes from this pattern,...

protein and protein structure

How Protein Shape Controls Function

Proteins are a major class of organic molecules in living systems, and their shape helps determine what they do. They can act as structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective molecules. They also take part in transport, storage, membranes, toxins, and enzymes. All proteins are polymers of amino acids arranged in a linear sequence. A protein’s function depends on its three-dimensional form. For example, an enzyme works when its active site can bind a specific substrate. If local changes or...

amino acids

Amino Acids and Protein Building

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid has the same basic structure. A central carbon atom, called the alpha carbon, is bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a hydrogen atom. Each amino acid also has an R group, or side chain, attached to the central carbon. The R group is different for every amino acid. It helps determine whether an amino acid is acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar. Scientists call these molecules amino acids because they contain both amino...

peptide bonds

Peptide Bond Formation and Shape

Peptide bonds join amino acids into peptides and polypeptides. They form when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another. This dehydration reaction releases a water molecule and creates a covalent link. As more amino acids are added, the chain becomes a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end is the N-terminal, or amino-terminal. The other end has a free carboxyl group. This end is the C-terminal, or carboxyl-terminal. The...

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA: Genetic Instructions

DNA and RNA are the nucleic acids that store genetic information and help direct cell activity. These macromolecules carry the cell’s genetic blueprint and the instructions it uses to function. DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in the nucleus and also in organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, DNA is not enclosed in a membrane. The full genetic content of a cell...

dna replication

DNA Copying: Leading and Lagging Strands

DNA replication copies genetic material before a cell divides. Each original DNA strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand. The result is semiconservative replication, which means each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand. The two daughter cells then receive DNA with the same sequence. Replication starts when helicase separates the two strands of the double helix. This creates a Y-shaped replication fork. Primase then adds short RNA primers that give DNA...

from dna to protein

The Genetic Code and Codons

The genetic code and codons explain how cells turn DNA information into proteins. Genes first direct the sequence of mRNA, and mRNA then directs the sequence of amino acids that make up proteins. Specific proteins and RNAs carry out this decoding. Cells copy DNA into mRNA so the original DNA stays protected while the cell uses the message for protein synthesis. Copying DNA to RNA is relatively simple. One nucleotide is added to the mRNA strand for every nucleotide read on the DNA strand.

polymers

Polymer Chains and How They Form

Polymers are long chains of molecules made from repeating units called monomers. The word polymer comes from the Greek words "poly," meaning many, and "mer," meaning parts. Polymers can be found in nature, such as DNA and proteins, or made synthetically, such as plastics. A polymer’s shape helps define its properties. Some polymers form linear chains, while others are branched or arranged in complex networks. Functional groups on a polymer also affect how it behaves. The repeating units in a...

key terms and concepts

Explore how water, macromolecules, and inorganic ions shape cell function. Learn about polarity, pH, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA.

Cell Chemistry: Water and Macromolecules | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core 화학은 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션을 통해 일반 화학 개념을 설명합니다. 또한, 과학자가 직접 고전실험과 연구실험을 진행하는 실사 영상을 제공합니다.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.1

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology

BIO.5

BIO.5.A

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, &#8220;Climate is what you expect. ...

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

Climate Change

The certainty of climate change remains a public controversy despite the consensus among approximately 97% of active climate researchers, who not only ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives ...

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because ...

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave&#39;s momentum ...

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the ...

What is Weather?

Overview

Weather refers to the current state of atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place. Weather is temporary and is influenced by the ...

The Wave Nature of Light

The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one change to Earth's surface can create feedback that causes changes to other Earth systems.  Clarification Statement: Examples should include climate feedbacks, such as how an increase in greenhouse gases causes a rise in global temperatures that melts glacial ice, which reduces the amount of sunlight reflected from Earth's surface, increasing surface temperatures and further reducing the amount of ice.  Examples could also be taken from other system interactions, such as how the loss of ground vegetation causes an increase in water runoff and soil erosion;  how dammed rivers increase groundwater recharge, decrease sediment transport, and increase coastal erosion;  or how the loss of wetlands causes a decrease in local humidity that further reduces the wetland extent.  Assessment Boundary:

3.3.9-12.H

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Conditions on Early Earth

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are &#945; decay, &#946; decay, &#947; decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Dynamics of Structures

Source:&#160;Roberto Leon, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
It is rare nowadays that a whole year goes by ...

Sound Waves and Doppler Shift

Source: Arianna Brown,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA
...

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can develop a model based on evidence of Earth's interior to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on both a one-dimensional model of Earth, with radial layers determined by density, and a three-dimensional model, which is controlled by mantle convection and the resulting plate tectonics.  Examples of evidence include maps of Earth's three-dimensional structure obtained from seismic waves, records of the rate of change of Earth's magnetic field (as constraints on convection in the outer core), and identification of the composition of Earth's layers from high-pressure laboratory experiments.  Assessment Boundary:

3.3.9-12.I

Role of Water in Human Biology

Water is the one of the most significant components of the human body; it plays a crucial role in several physiological activities because of its unique ...

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar ...

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
The polarity of the water molecule and its resulting hydrogen ...

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

The reaction between a Br&#248;nsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, ...

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). ...

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent ...

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. [cite: 44] Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on mechanical and chemical investigations with water and a variety of solid materials to provide the evidence for connections between the hydrologic cycle and system interactions commonly known as the rock cycle. [cite: 45] Examples of mechanical investigations include stream transportation and deposition using a stream table, erosion using variations in soil moisture content, or frost wedging by the expansion of water as it freezes. [cite: 46] Examples of chemical investigations include chemical weathering and recrystallization (by testing the solubility of different materials) or melt generation (by examining how water lowers the melting temperature of most solids). [cite: 47] Assessment Boundary:

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

What is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is a multipart, biochemical process that occurs in plants as well as in some bacteria. It captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to ...

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ...

The Calvin Cycle

Overview

Oxygenic photosynthesis converts approximately 200 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually to organic compounds and produces approximately ...

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Oxygenic photosynthesis is a fundamental process in which light energy is harnessed to drive the oxidation of water, leading to the production of ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can develop a quantitative model to describe the cycling of carbon among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. [cite: 154] Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on modeling biogeochemical cycles that include the cycling of carbon through the ocean, atmosphere, soil, and biosphere (including humans), providing the foundation for living organisms. [cite: 155] Assessment Boundary:

3.3.9-12.L

What is Evolutionary History?

Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and ...

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of ...

What is an Ecosystem?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Species Distribution and Biogeography

Species Distribution

Biogeography is the study of species distribution across geographic space and the processes that shape these distributions. This ...

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Extinction

The History of Life on Earth
Fossils of organisms that were different from anything alive today had been documented as early as the 17th century, but it ...

The Colonization of Land

Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Energy Dynamics

The Food Chain
Energy is one of the most important abiotic factors in an ecosystem and organisms in an ecosystem are connected by the flow of energy and ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth's systems and life on Earth. [cite: 59] Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the dynamic causes, effects, and feedbacks between the biosphere and Earth's other systems, whereby geoscience factors control the evolution of life, which in turn continuously alters Earth's surface. [cite: 60] Examples include how photosynthetic life altered the atmosphere through the production of oxygen, which in turn increased weathering rates and allowed for the evolution of animal life; [cite: 61] how microbial life on land increased the formation of soil, which in turn allowed for the evolution of land plants; [cite: 62] or how the evolution of corals created reefs that altered patterns of erosion and deposition along coastlines and provided habitats for the evolution of new life forms. [cite: 63] Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of how the biosphere interacts with all of Earth's other systems. [cite: 64]

3.3.9-12.N

Cell Chemistry: Water and Macromolecules

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards