Name: peptide bond formation and shape
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:53.000Z
Duration: 2 min 43 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.F

Peptide Bonds

아미노산은 펩티드 결합을 통해 서로 공유결합합니다. 펩티드 결합은 한 아미노산의 카르복실기를 다른 아미노산의 아미노기에 결합합니다. 펩티드는 2부터 50개의 단량체 범위에 이르는 작은 아미노산 사슬입니다.

펩티드 결합은 물 분자를 방출하는 축합 반응을 통해 형성됩니다. 아미노기와 카르복실기가 결합하면 아마이드기가 형성됩니다. 펩티드 결합은 단단한 평면 구조를 가지고 있으며 이중 결합의 일부 특성을 보여줍니다.

이것은 카르보닐의 이중 결합이 탄소 질소 펩티드 결합과 함께 공명 구조로 작용할 수 있기 때문입니다. 이 공명은 단일 결합의 길이를 감소시키고 이중 결합의 길이를 증가시키며 펩티드 결합 주위의 그룹의 회전을 억제합니다. 펩티드 결합은 시스 및 트랜스 형태로 존재할 수 있습니다.

시스 형태에서 알파 탄소는 펩티드 결합의 같은 쪽에 있고 트랜스 형태에서는 결합의 반대쪽에 있습니다. 펩티드 결합은 프롤린이 결합 형성에 아미노기를 기여하는 경우를 제외하고는 대부분 트랜스 형태에서 발생합니다. 펩티드 결합을 통해 결합된 아미노산에는 N-말단과 C-말단이 있습니다.

N-말단은 아미노기가 펩티드 결합 형성에 관여하지 않는 끝이고 C-말단은 카르복실기가 펩티드 결합 형성에 관여하지 않는 끝입니다. 펩티드 또는 단백질의 아미노산 서열은 항상 N-말단에서 시작하여 C-말단으로 끝납니다. 두 개의 아미노산이 펩티드 결합을 통해 결합되면 디펩티드라고 합니다.

3개 및 4개의 아미노산이 펩티드 결합을 통해 서로 결합할 때 각각 트리펩티드, 테트라펩티드라고 합니다. 여러 아미노산이 펩티드 결합을 통해 서로 결합될 때 이를 폴리펩티드라고 합니다. 펩티드 결합은 산 또는 프로테아제로 알려진 효소와 같은 화학적 촉매를 이용한 가수분해를 통해 빠르게 분해될 수 있습니다.

펩티드 결합을 끊는 데 물 분자가 참가합니다. 또는 이러한 결합은 물이 있으면 느리게 저절로 끊어질 수 있습니다.

펩티드 결합

펩타이드 결합은 탈수 반응을 통해 아미노산을 공유 결합합니다. 한 아미노산의 카르복실기와 다른 아미노산의 아미노기가 결합하여 물 분자를 방출합니다. 결과 결합은 펩타이드 결합입니다. 그러한 연결이 형성되는 생성물은 펩타이드입니다. 더 많은 아미노산이 이 성장하는 사슬에 합류함에 따라 결과적인 사슬은 폴리펩티드가 됩니다. 각 폴리펩티드의 한쪽 끝에는 유리 아미노기가 있습니다. 이 끝에는 N-말단 또는 아미노-말단이 있고, 다른 쪽 끝에는 유리 카르복실기(C- 또는 카르복실-말단)가 있습니다. 폴리펩타이드와 단백질이라는 용어는 종종 서로 바꿔 사용되기도 하지만, 폴리펩타이드는 기술적으로 아미노산의 중합체이며, 단백질은 종종 결합된 비펩타이드 프로스테틱 그룹, 독특한 모양 및 특이 기능을 가진 폴리펩타이드 또는 폴리펩타이드들에 사용됩니다.

펩티드 결합의 화학

펩타이드 결합은 공명으로 인해 단단한 평면 구조를 가지고 있습니다. 이 공명은 카르보닐기에 존재하는 이중 결합과 단일 결합인 탄소와 질소 사이의 펩타이드 결합 사이의 전자 공유를 포함합니다. 이로 인해 공명이 없을 때 이중 결합의 길이가 증가하고 단일 결합의 길이가 예상 길이보다 감소합니다.

펩타이드 결합은 시스(cis)와 트랜스(trans)라는 두 가지 가능한 형태로 나타날 수 있습니다. 시스 배열에서는 펩티드 결합으로 연결된 두 아미노산의 알파 탄소가 결합의 같은 쪽에 있습니다. 트랜스 구성에서는 펩타이드 결합으로 연결된 두 아미노산의 알파 탄소가 결합의 반대쪽에 있습니다. 시스 배열은 일반적으로 프롤린이 결합 형성에 아미노기를 기여할 때 발생합니다. 그러나 프롤린의 약 10%만이 시스 결합 앞에 있습니다.

견고한 구조로 인해 펩타이드 결합 주위에서는 회전이 불가능합니다. 그러나 알파 탄소를 질소 및 탄소 원자에 각각 연결하는 결합 주위에서 회전이 발생할 수 있습니다.

이 문서는 에서 발췌되었습니다 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-4-proteins">Openstax, Biology 2e, Chapter 3.4: Proteins</a>.

펩타이드 결합은 탈수 반응을 통해 아미노산을 공유 결합으로 부착합니다. 하나의 아미노산의 카르복실기와 다른 아미노산의 아미노산 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Chemistry

화학

하나

Biochemistry

생화학

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

peptide bond formation and shape

Peptide bonds join amino acids into peptides and polypeptides. They form when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another. This dehydration reaction releases a water molecule and creates a covalent link.

As more amino acids are added, the chain becomes a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end is the N-terminal, or amino-terminal. The other end has a free carboxyl group. This end is the C-terminal, or carboxyl-terminal.

The terms polypeptide and protein are sometimes used as if they mean the same thing. Technically, a polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids. A protein is a polypeptide, or more than one polypeptide, that has joined together and often carries non-peptide prosthetic groups. Proteins also have a distinct shape and a unique function.

Peptide bonds have a rigid, planar shape because of resonance. Resonance is the sharing of electrons between the carbonyl group and the peptide bond between carbon and nitrogen. This changes bond lengths. The double bond becomes longer, and the single bond becomes shorter than expected without resonance.

Peptide bonds can exist in cis and trans forms. In the cis form, the alpha carbons of the two amino acids are on the same side of the bond. In the trans form, they are on opposite sides. The cis form usually appears when proline donates its amino group, but only about 10% of prolines are preceded by cis bonds.

Rotation does not occur around the peptide bond because of its rigid structure. Rotation can still happen around the bonds that connect the alpha carbon to the nitrogen and carbon atoms. This limited movement helps define the shape of peptides and proteins.

Peptide Bond Formation and Shape

functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Functional groups in organic chemistry are groups of atoms that give molecules specific properties. When these groups attach to a carbon skeleton, they can change how the molecule behaves. Some functional groups make a molecule hydrophilic, or water-attracting. Others make it hydrophobic, or water-repelling. Functional groups are a key part of organic chemistry and are also found in major biological molecules. They appear in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each functional...

structure of lipids

Lipids, Fats, and Cell Membranes

Lipids are nonpolar molecules that do not mix well with water. They are hydrophobic, which means “water fearing,” because they contain mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. In cells, lipids store long-term energy as fats, help insulate plants and animals, and form protective water-repellent layers on feathers and fur. They are also part of cell membranes and serve as building blocks for many hormones. Common lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. A...

chemistry of the cell

Cell Chemistry: Water and Macromolecules

Cell chemistry includes water, organic molecules, and inorganic ions. These materials shape how cells store energy, build structures, and carry out life processes. Most cellular chemistry and metabolism happen in the watery cytoplasm. Water is a key part of the cell because it has special properties tied to its polarity. In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen form polar covalent bonds, so the molecule has no net charge but does have a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end. Oxygen...

dna base pairing

Chargaff’s Rules and DNA Pairing

Chargaff’s rules and DNA base pairing explain how DNA strands match up. In double-stranded DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). Chargaff also found that A equals T, G equals C, and the total amount of purines (A and G) equals the total amount of pyrimidines (C and T). Watson and Crick later showed why these matches matter. A forms two hydrogen bonds with T, while G forms three hydrogen bonds with C. These pairings keep the DNA double helix a...

chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates as Energy and Storage Molecules

Carbohydrates are important energy sources in human and animal diets. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates. They help provide energy to the body, especially through glucose, a simple sugar found in starch and many staple foods. Carbohydrates are identified by the stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. This means the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is usually 1:2:1. The name carbohydrate comes from this pattern,...

protein and protein structure

How Protein Shape Controls Function

Proteins are a major class of organic molecules in living systems, and their shape helps determine what they do. They can act as structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective molecules. They also take part in transport, storage, membranes, toxins, and enzymes. All proteins are polymers of amino acids arranged in a linear sequence. A protein’s function depends on its three-dimensional form. For example, an enzyme works when its active site can bind a specific substrate. If local changes or...

amino acids

Amino Acids and Protein Building

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid has the same basic structure. A central carbon atom, called the alpha carbon, is bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a hydrogen atom. Each amino acid also has an R group, or side chain, attached to the central carbon. The R group is different for every amino acid. It helps determine whether an amino acid is acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar. Scientists call these molecules amino acids because they contain both amino...

peptide bonds

Peptide bonds join amino acids into peptides and polypeptides. They form when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another. This dehydration reaction releases a water molecule and creates a covalent link. As more amino acids are added, the chain becomes a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end is the N-terminal, or amino-terminal. The other end has a free carboxyl group. This end is the C-terminal, or carboxyl-terminal. The...

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA: Genetic Instructions

DNA and RNA are the nucleic acids that store genetic information and help direct cell activity. These macromolecules carry the cell’s genetic blueprint and the instructions it uses to function. DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in the nucleus and also in organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. In prokaryotes, DNA is not enclosed in a membrane. The full genetic content of a cell...

dna replication

DNA Copying: Leading and Lagging Strands

DNA replication copies genetic material before a cell divides. Each original DNA strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand. The result is semiconservative replication, which means each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand. The two daughter cells then receive DNA with the same sequence. Replication starts when helicase separates the two strands of the double helix. This creates a Y-shaped replication fork. Primase then adds short RNA primers that give DNA...

from dna to protein

The Genetic Code and Codons

The genetic code and codons explain how cells turn DNA information into proteins. Genes first direct the sequence of mRNA, and mRNA then directs the sequence of amino acids that make up proteins. Specific proteins and RNAs carry out this decoding. Cells copy DNA into mRNA so the original DNA stays protected while the cell uses the message for protein synthesis. Copying DNA to RNA is relatively simple. One nucleotide is added to the mRNA strand for every nucleotide read on the DNA strand.

polymers

Polymer Chains and How They Form

Polymers are long chains of molecules made from repeating units called monomers. The word polymer comes from the Greek words "poly," meaning many, and "mer," meaning parts. Polymers can be found in nature, such as DNA and proteins, or made synthetically, such as plastics. A polymer’s shape helps define its properties. Some polymers form linear chains, while others are branched or arranged in complex networks. Functional groups on a polymer also affect how it behaves. The repeating units in a...

key terms and concepts

Learn how peptide bonds form amino acid chains, create N- and C-terminals, and why resonance gives peptides a rigid cis and trans structure.

Peptide Bond Formation and Shape | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core 화학은 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션을 통해 일반 화학 개념을 설명합니다. 또한, 과학자가 직접 고전실험과 연구실험을 진행하는 실사 영상을 제공합니다.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-6

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

SC.912.L.18.4

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-6.

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light&#8212; typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is ...

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in ...

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center ...

The Antenna Complex

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - ...

the-z-scheme-of-electron-transport-in-photosynthesis

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of ...

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, ...

Photosynthesis

Autotrophs

Almost all living organisms on Earth depend on photosynthesis, which is the process that converts sunlight energy into a simple sugar called ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography and Floating Leaf Discs in a Vacuum
ExpandOn the day before the experiment, fill a container with water.
Place the spinach ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography
ExpandNOTE: In this experiment you will separate pigments from spinach leaves using chromatography paper. Individual pigments ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include specific biochemical steps.

3.1.9-12.E

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Amino acids

Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the ...

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid&#39;s carboxyl group and another amino acid&#39;s amino ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

What is Energy?

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &#xA0;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Energy Dynamics

The Food Chain
Energy is one of the most important abiotic factors in an ecosystem and organisms in an ecosystem are connected by the flow of energy and ...

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates ...

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the details of specific chemical reactions or identification of macromolecules.

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

Organisms harvest energy from food, but this energy cannot be directly used by cells. Cells convert the energy stored in nutrients into a more usable ...

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts &#34;food energy&#34; (from the ...

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis ...

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces ...

Outcomes of Glycolysis

Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler ...

Pyruvate Oxidation

After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure ...

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary ...

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many ...

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane ...

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, ...

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the ...

electron-transport-chain-complex-i-and-ii

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce ...

electron-transport-chain-complex-iii-and-iv

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then ...

The Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is ...

the-supercomplexes-in-the-crista-membrane

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through ...

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in ...

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear ...

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment should not include identification of the steps or specific processes involved in cellular respiration.

3.1.9-12.G

What is an Ecosystem?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Trophic Levels

All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from ...

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use ...

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to proportional reasoning to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy.

3.1.9-12.H

Peptide Bond Formation and Shape

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