Name: atp powers cellular transport and reactions
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

ATP Energy Storage and Release

아데노신 삼인산(Adenosine triphosphate, ATP)은 살아 있는 세포 내부의 여러 생화학적 과정에 동력을 공급하는 가장 중요한 에너지 통화입니다.
ATP는 A로 표시되는 아데노신 분자로 구성된 유기 화합물로, 문자 P로 표시되는 세 개의 인산기에 결합되어 있습니다. 세 개의 인산염은 두 개의 고에너지 인무수물 결합으로 서로 연결되어 있습니다. 이러한 결합의 가수분해는 세포 내 조건에 따라 몰당 약 46-54킬로줄의 자유 에너지를 생성할 수 있습니다.
인산기가 ADP 분자에 부착하는 것은 에너지적으로 좋지 않기 때문에 세포는 광합성 또는 세포 호흡에서 에너지를 끌어와 ADP와 세 번째 인산기 사이에 인무수물 결합을 형성합니다.
반대로, 에너지 수요에 따라 ATP는 무기 인산염과 ADP 분자로 가수분해됩니다. 이 에너지적으로 유리한 반응은 다른 불리한 반응과 결합되며, 여기서 방출된 인산염은 반응물로 전달되어 새로운 생성물을 형성합니다.
또한 ATP 가수분해에서 방출되는 에너지는 용질을 막을 가로질러 이동하는 펌프에 동력을 공급하고 근육 수축 및 신경 신호 전달 경로에 동력을 공급합니다.

atp 에너지 저장 및 방출

ATP는 매우 불안정한 분자입니다. 일을 수행하는 데 신속하게 사용되지 않으면 ATP는 자발적으로 ADP와 무기 인산염(Pi)으로 해리되며, 이 과정에서 방출된 자유 에너지는 열로 손실됩니다. ATP 가수분해에 의해 방출된 에너지는 세포 내부에서 작업을 수행하는 데 사용되며 에너지 결합이라는 전략에 따라 달라집니다. 세포는 ATP 가수분해의 에너지 방출 반응과 흡열 반응을 결합하여 이러한 반응이 진행될 수 있도록 합니다.

ATP를 사용한 에너지 결합의 한 가지 예는 세포 기능에 매우 중요한 막횡단 이온 펌프를 포함합니다. 이 나트륨-칼륨 펌프(Na^+/K^+ 펌프)는 나트륨을 세포 밖으로 내보내고 칼륨을 세포 안으로 밀어냅니다. 세포 과정은 정기적으로 많은 양의 나트륨을 세포로 가져오고 많은 양의 칼륨을 세포 밖으로 내보내기 때문에 세포 ATP의 상당 부분이 이 펌프에 전력을 공급하는 데 사용됩니다. 펌프는 나트륨과 칼륨의 세포 농도를 안정화하기 위해 지속적으로 작동합니다. 펌프가 한 주기(Na^+ 이온 3개를 내보내고 K^+ 이온 2개를 가져옴)를 돌리려면 ATP 한 분자가 가수분해되어야 합니다. ATP가 가수분해되면 감마 인산염이 펌프 단백질로 전달됩니다.

인산기가 분자에 결합하는 과정을 인산화라고 합니다. 대부분의 ATP 가수분해 사례와 마찬가지로 ATP의 인산염은 다른 분자로 전달됩니다. 인산화된 상태에서 Na^+/K^+ 펌프는 더 많은 자유 에너지를 가지며 형태 변화를 겪도록 촉발됩니다. 이러한 변화로 인해 Na^+가 세포 외부로 방출될 수 있습니다. 그런 다음 세포외 K^+와 결합하여 또 다른 구조 변화를 통해 인산염이 펌프에서 분리됩니다. 이러한 인산염 방출은 K^+가 세포 내부로 방출되도록 촉발합니다. 본질적으로 ATP의 가수분해에서 방출되는 에너지는 펌프에 동력을 공급하고 Na^+ 및 K^+ 이온을 운반하는 데 필요한 에너지와 결합됩니다. ATP는 인산화를 통한 에너지 결합의 기본 형태를 사용하여 세포 작업을 수행합니다.

종종 영양소 합성 및 분해와 같은 세포 대사 반응 중에 특정 분자는 반응 시리즈의 다음 단계를 위한 기질이 되기 위해 형태가 약간 변경되어야 합니다. 한 가지 예는 세포 호흡의 첫 번째 단계인 해당작용 동안입니다. 이 첫 번째 단계에서는 포도당을 인산화하여 에너지는 높지만 불안정한 중간체를 생성하는 데 ATP가 필요합니다. 이 인산화 반응은 인산화된 포도당 분자가 인산화된 설탕 과당으로 전환되도록 하는 구조적 변화를 촉진합니다. 과당은 해당과정이 진행되는 데 필요한 중간체입니다. 여기서 ATP 가수분해의 발열 반응은 포도당 인산화의 흡인 반응과 결합하여 경로의 중간 단계를 구성합니다. 다시 한번, ATP 내의 인산염 결합이 끊어지면서 방출된 에너지는 다른 분자를 인산화하여 불안정한 중간체를 생성하고 중요한 형태 변화를 일으키는 데 사용되었습니다.

이 텍스트는 다음에서 수정되었습니다 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-4-atp-adenosine-triphosphate">Openstax, Biology 2e, Section 6.4:ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate</a>

ATP 에너지 저장 및 방출

ATP는 매우 불안정한 분자입니다. 작업을 수행하는 데 빠르게 사용되지 않는 한, ATP는 자발적으로 ADP와 무기 인산염 (Pi)으로 해리되고, 자유 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

세포생물학

Unit 1

제1단원

Energy and Catalysis

에너지 및 촉매

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

atp powers cellular transport and reactions

ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat.

Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital for cell function.

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. Cells spend a large amount of ATP on this pump because sodium and potassium are regularly moved in opposite directions across the membrane. To complete one cycle, the pump exports three sodium ions and imports two potassium ions, and one ATP molecule must be hydrolyzed.

During ATP hydrolysis, the gamma phosphate is transferred to the pump protein. This is called phosphorylation, which means a phosphate group binds to a molecule. In the phosphorylated state, the pump has more free energy and changes shape. That shape change lets it release sodium outside the cell. The pump then binds potassium outside the cell, and another shape change removes the phosphate and releases potassium inside the cell.

ATP also helps start steps in cellular metabolism. In glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP phosphorylates glucose. This creates a high-energy but unstable intermediate. The phosphorylation also drives a conformational change that helps the molecule become phosphorylated fructose, which is needed for glycolysis to continue. In both examples, ATP hydrolysis is coupled to another reaction by transferring a phosphate group and powering an important change in shape.

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

atp-powers-cellular-transport-and-reactions

the first law of thermodynamics

Energy Changes in Cells and Matter

The first law of thermodynamics describes how energy changes form in the universe. The total amount of energy stays constant. Energy can move from one place to another or change into a different form, but it cannot be created or destroyed. These energy changes happen in everyday life. A light bulb changes electrical energy into light energy. A gas stove changes chemical energy in natural gas into heat energy. Plants also carry out a major energy transformation when they convert sunlight energy...

the second law of thermodynamics

Entropy and Spontaneous Change

Entropy helps predict whether a process will happen on its own. Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. A student’s bedroom is a simple example. If no work is done, the room becomes messy over time. That messy state is highly disordered and has high entropy. To make the room clean again, energy must be added as the student puts things away. That organized state has low entropy. Processes that increase the entropy of the...

enthalpy within the cell

Cellular Enthalpy and Energy Changes

Cellular enthalpy describes how heat and energy change during chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is written as H and is defined as the sum of a system’s internal energy, U, and the product of pressure and volume, PV. It is a state function, which means its value depends on the state of the system, not the path taken. Scientists cannot measure the enthalpy of a single substance directly. They can determine enthalpy changes, or ΔH, for a process instead. For reactions or changes that...

entropy within the cell

Cell Energy Loss and Entropy

Cell energy loss and entropy explain why living things need constant energy input. Cells obtain energy, transform it, and use it to do work, but these transfers are never completely efficient. In each transfer, some energy is lost in a form that cannot be used. In many cases, that lost energy is heat energy.

an introduction to free energy

Gibbs Free Energy and Reaction Work

Gibbs free energy describes the usable energy in a chemical reaction. It helps scientists compare how much energy different reactions release. This measurement is called Gibbs free energy, or G, after Josiah Willard Gibbs. The second law of thermodynamics explains why not all energy stays available for work. Some energy is lost in an unusable form, such as heat, and this loss increases entropy. Gibbs free energy is the energy left after that entropy loss is taken into account. Every chemical...

endergonic and exergonic reactions in the cell

endergonic-and-exergonic-reactions-in-the-cell

Cell Reactions That Release or Store Energy

Cell reactions can either release energy or store it for later use. In chemistry, this difference is described by the value of ΔG, or free energy change. When energy is released during a reaction, ΔG is negative. The products then have less free energy than the reactants because some free energy has been given off. Reactions with a negative ΔG are called exergonic reactions. Exergonic means energy is leaving the system. These reactions are also called spontaneous reactions because they can...

the equilibrium binding constant and binding strength

the-equilibrium-binding-constant-and-binding-strength

How Equilibrium Binding Constant Affects Binding

The equilibrium binding constant describes how strongly two molecules bind at equilibrium. It is a useful way to compare binding strength in molecular interactions. This topic focuses on how binding is measured and what the equilibrium binding constant means. A higher value indicates stronger binding, while a lower value indicates weaker binding. Understanding this constant helps explain how tightly molecules stay together under equilibrium conditions. The page also connects the binding...

free energy and equilibrium

Free Energy and Reaction Direction

Free energy and reaction direction are linked in chemical equilibrium. A free energy change, ΔG, shows the driving force for a process. When ΔG is negative, the process is driven forward. When ΔG is positive, the reverse direction is favored. When ΔG is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the system is at equilibrium. The reaction quotient, Q, helps show how close a system is to equilibrium. Q is the numerical value of the mass action expression for the system. It can...

non-equilibrium in the cell

Cells Stay Out of Equilibrium

Cells stay out of chemical equilibrium by constantly using energy and moving materials in and out. Chemical reactions in metabolism are often reversible. They can go in both directions. In one direction, they release energy to the surroundings. In the reverse direction, they absorb energy. The same idea applies to reactions that build and break down cell molecules. Proteins, for example, can be broken into individual amino acids, and amino acids can be used to build proteins again. In a closed...

oxidation and reduction of organic molecules

oxidation-and-reduction-of-organic-molecules

Electron Carriers in Cell Energy Transfer

Cell energy production depends on redox reactions, which are oxidation and reduction reactions that happen together. In oxidation, an electron is removed from an atom in a compound. In reduction, that same electron is added to another compound. Because these reactions usually occur as a pair, they are called redox reactions. When a molecule loses an electron, its potential energy goes down. The electron does not stay free in the cytoplasm. Instead, it moves to a second compound and reduces...

introduction to enzymes

Enzyme Function, Cofactors, and Inhibitors

Enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being used up. Humans have used enzymes since about 7000 BCE, when they fermented sugars to make alcohol without knowing the reaction was enzyme-catalyzed. The word enzyme was coined by Wilhelm Kuhne in 1877. It comes from the Greek words en, meaning “in” or “within,” and zyme, meaning “yeast.” Enzymes work through active sites, which are regions that bind substrates and help convert them into products. Many enzymes also have...

enzymes and activation energy

How Enzymes Lower Reaction Energy

Enzymes lower the energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin. That starting energy is called activation energy, or free energy of activation, and it is often written as Ea. During a reaction, bonds break and new bonds form. In glucose breakdown, for example, bonds between carbon atoms break and release energy because they are energy-storing bonds. Before a reaction can move forward, reactant molecules must reach a high-energy, unstable shape called the transition state. To get there, the...

introduction to enzyme kinetics

Graphing Enzyme Kinetics Data

Enzyme kinetics uses graphs to show how fast a biochemical reaction happens. Scientists measure the initial reaction rate, or velocity (Vo), at different substrate concentrations ([S]). They may also run trials with inhibitors or other molecules that change the reaction rate. The results are often plotted as Vo against [S]. For many single-substrate reactions, the data fits the Michaelis-Menten equation. This equation, named after Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten, helps estimate the maximum...

turnover number and catalytic efficiency

How Fast Enzymes Work in Digestion

Enzymes can work at very different speeds, and their turnover number shows how fast they convert substrate molecules into products. Turnover number is the maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme can transform per unit time. For most enzymes, this value is between 1 and 1000 molecules per second. Some enzymes are especially fast. Catalase has the highest known turnover number and can convert up to 2.8×10^6 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen each second. Lysozyme has...

catalytically perfect enzymes

Diffusion-Controlled Enzymes and Reaction Speed

Catalytically perfect enzymes are enzymes that speed up biochemical reactions at very high rates. The idea was first proposed by W. J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes have catalytic efficiency values of about 10^8 to 10^9 M^-1 s^-1 and are also called diffusion-controlled enzymes because diffusion of the substrate into the active site is the only rate-limiting step. Examples of catalytically perfect enzymes include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.

introduction to mechanisms of enzyme catalysis

introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

How Enzymes Change Shape to Catalyze

Enzyme catalysis depends on how enzymes bind substrates and how the active site responds during the reaction. Scientists once described this process with a simple lock-and-key model, where the enzyme and substrate fit together in one instant. Research now supports induced fit, a more dynamic model in which binding causes a small change in the enzyme’s shape. That shift helps create an ideal match between the enzyme and the substrate’s transition state, which improves catalysis. The active site...

ligand binding and linkage

Ligand Binding and Allosteric Effects

Ligand binding and linkage describe how one molecule can affect another when it binds to a protein. In this topic, the focus is on how binding at one site can influence activity at a different site on the same protein. This idea is important for understanding protein function in high school biology. It helps explain why some proteins respond more strongly after a ligand attaches. The transcript centers on the connection between ligand binding and linkage, which is a key concept in molecular...

cooperative allosteric transitions

How Proteins Shift Shape Together

Proteins can change shape in a coordinated way during allosteric transitions. In a cooperative transition, one part of the protein affects another part, so the change spreads through the molecule. These shape changes help proteins switch between different states. The shift can influence how the protein works and how it responds to other molecules. Cooperative allosteric transitions are an important idea in protein function. They explain how a small change at one site can lead to a larger...

ribozymes

Catalytic RNA: Ribozymes in Action

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can act as enzymes. They help speed up specific chemical reactions without being protein enzymes. This makes them an important example of RNA with more than one job in the cell. Some ribozymes can cut RNA molecules, and others can join them together. This shows that RNA can do catalytic work as well as carry genetic information. Ribozymes are a key part of how scientists think about the many roles of RNA in biology. One well-known ribozyme is ribonuclease P,...

atp energy storage and release

ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat. Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital...

atp and macromolecule synthesis

ATP in Building Cell Macromolecules

ATP helps cells build biological macromolecules. These organic compounds are mainly made of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of other elements. The four major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Most macromolecules start as small subunits called monomers. Cells join monomers with covalent bonds to make larger molecules called polymers. This building process needs energy, so cells depend on ATP, the...

coupled reactions

ATP Powers Cellular Work

ATP powers many kinds of cellular work by coupling energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring ones. Some reactions happen on their own and release energy. Others need an energy input to move forward. Cells link these reactions so important processes can still occur. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, stores energy that cells can use quickly. ATP hydrolysis is the breaking of ATP, and it releases energy. Cells often use that released energy to drive endergonic reactions, which are reactions...

key terms and concepts

Learn how ATP drives cell work through phosphorylation, including the sodium-potassium pump and the first steps of glycolysis in high school biology.

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

HS-LS1-7

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.10

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology

BIO.11

BIO.11.B

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-7.

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Protein Families

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Conservation of Protein Domains

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Amyloid Fibrils

What are Proteins?

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino ...

Ligand Binding Sites

Protein Organization

Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular ...

Protein-Protein Interfaces

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to ...

Conserved Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic ...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth&#x27;s biosphere. ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body&#39;s structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, ...

Overview of Human Digestion

The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. ...

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, ...

Accessory Organs

Accessory organs are those that participate in the digestion of food but do not come into direct contact with it like the mouth, stomach, or intestine do. ...

Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific ...

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of ...

Carbohydrate Digestion

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

What is a Nervous System?

Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

HS-LS1-2

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards