Name: atp powers cellular work
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-4

Coupled Reactions

에너지 커플링은 고도의 외계 반응이 엔더곤 반응에 동력을 공급할 때 발생합니다. 결합 반응을 결합 반응이라고 합니다.
세포는 결합 반응을 사용하여 생합성, 이온의 능동적 수송 및 기계적 작업을 포함한 다양한 과정을 수행합니다. ATP의 가수분해는 생물학적 과정에 동력을 공급하기 위해 자주 결합되는 엑세곤 반응입니다.
예를 들어, 글루타민을 형성하기 위한 글루타메이트와 암모니아 사이의 엔더곤 반응은 ATP에서 ADP 및 무기 인산염으로의 엑세르고닉 가수분해와 결합됩니다.
결합 반응에 대한 순 자유 에너지 변화는 개별 자유 에너지 변화의 합입니다. 큰 음의 ΔG ATP 가수분해의 경우 총 표준 자유 에너지 변화는 음의 16.3kJ/mol이며 반응을 진행할 수 있습니다.
결합 생합성 반응은 종종 공통의 불안정한 중간체를 공유합니다. 글루타민의 생합성에서 ATP에서 글루타메이트로 인산염이 전달되면 중간 글루타밀 인산염이 형성되고, 이 인산염은 암모니아와 반응하여 글루타민을 형성합니다.

결합반응

복잡한 분자를 만들고 분해하는 것과 같은 세포 과정은 단계적인 화학 반응을 통해 발생합니다. 이러한 화학 반응 중 일부는 자발적이고 에너지를 방출하는 반면, 다른 화학 반응은 진행되기 위해 에너지가 필요합니다. 세포는 종종 중요한 세포 기능을 수행하기 위해 에너지 방출 반응과 에너지 요구 반응을 결합합니다.

아데노신 삼인산 또는 ATP 분자의 에너지는 일을 하기 위해 쉽게 접근할 수 있습니다. ATP는 에너지가 필요한 대부분의 세포 반응에 전력을 공급합니다. 세포는 ATP 가수분해를 흡열 반응과 결합하여 진행되도록 합니다. ATP를 사용한 에너지 결합의 한 가지 예는 세포 기능에 매우 중요한 막횡단 이온 펌프를 포함합니다. 이 나트륨-칼륨 펌프(Na^+/K^+ 펌프)는 나트륨을 세포 밖으로 내보내고 칼륨을 세포 안으로 밀어냅니다. 세포 과정에서 상당한 양의 나트륨이 세포로 유입되고 칼륨이 세포 밖으로 배출되기 때문에 세포 ATP의 상당 부분이 이 펌프에 동력을 공급합니다. 펌프는 나트륨과 칼륨의 세포 농도를 안정화하기 위해 지속적으로 작동합니다.

종종 영양소 합성 및 분해와 같은 세포 대사 반응 중에 특정 분자는 반응 시리즈의 다음 단계를 위한 기질이 되기 위해 형태가 약간 변경되어야 합니다. 한 가지 예는 세포 호흡의 첫 번째 단계에서 당, 포도당 분자가 해당과정에서 분해되는 경우입니다. 첫 번째 단계에서는 포도당을 인산화하여 에너지는 높지만 불안정한 중간체를 생성하는 데 ATP가 필요합니다. 이 인산화 반응은 인산화된 포도당 분자가 인산화된 설탕 과당으로 전환되도록 하는 구조적 변화를 촉진합니다. 과당은 해당과정이 진행되는 데 필요한 중간체입니다. 여기서, ATP 가수분해의 발열 반응은 경로에서 포도당을 인산화된 중간체로 전환시키는 흡열 반응과 결합됩니다. 다시 한번, ATP 내의 인산염 결합이 끊어지면서 방출된 에너지는 다른 분자를 인산화하여 불안정한 중간체를 생성하고 중요한 형태 변화를 일으키는 데 사용되었습니다.

이 텍스트는 Openstax, Biology 2e에서 가져온 것입니다 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-1-energy-and-metabolism-3-the-laws-of-thermodynamics">Section 6.1: Energy and Metabolism , section 6.3: The Laws of Thermodynamics,</a> 그리고 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-4-atp-adenosine-triphosphate">6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate.</a>

복잡한 분자를 만들고 분해하는 것과 같은 세포 과정은 단계적 화학 반응을 통해 발생합니다. 이러한 화학 반응 중 일부는 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

세포생물학

Unit 1

제1단원

Energy and Catalysis

에너지 및 촉매

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

atp powers cellular work

ATP powers many kinds of cellular work by coupling energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring ones. Some reactions happen on their own and release energy. Others need an energy input to move forward. Cells link these reactions so important processes can still occur.

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, stores energy that cells can use quickly. ATP hydrolysis is the breaking of ATP, and it releases energy. Cells often use that released energy to drive endergonic reactions, which are reactions that require energy. This coupling helps cells carry out most energy-requiring reactions.

One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, or Na+/K+ pump. This transmembrane ion pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. Many cell processes bring sodium in and potassium out, so a large share of cellular ATP is used to keep these ion levels stable. The pump works constantly to support cell function.

ATP also helps reactions in metabolism, including the first steps of glycolysis, which is part of cellular respiration. In the first step, ATP phosphorylates glucose by adding a phosphate group. This creates a high-energy but unstable intermediate. The phosphorylation causes a conformational change, or shape change, that lets the molecule continue through the pathway.

That shape change allows the phosphorylated glucose to become phosphorylated fructose, which is needed for glycolysis to proceed. Here again, the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is paired with an endergonic reaction in the pathway. The energy released from breaking a phosphate bond in ATP is used to phosphorylate another molecule and keep the reaction series moving forward.

ATP Powers Cellular Work

the first law of thermodynamics

Energy Changes in Cells and Matter

The first law of thermodynamics describes how energy changes form in the universe. The total amount of energy stays constant. Energy can move from one place to another or change into a different form, but it cannot be created or destroyed. These energy changes happen in everyday life. A light bulb changes electrical energy into light energy. A gas stove changes chemical energy in natural gas into heat energy. Plants also carry out a major energy transformation when they convert sunlight energy...

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the equilibrium binding constant and binding strength

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How Equilibrium Binding Constant Affects Binding

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Free Energy and Reaction Direction

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Cells Stay Out of Equilibrium

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Diffusion-Controlled Enzymes and Reaction Speed

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

How Enzymes Change Shape to Catalyze

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atp energy storage and release

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat. Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital...

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coupled reactions

ATP powers many kinds of cellular work by coupling energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring ones. Some reactions happen on their own and release energy. Others need an energy input to move forward. Cells link these reactions so important processes can still occur. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, stores energy that cells can use quickly. ATP hydrolysis is the breaking of ATP, and it releases energy. Cells often use that released energy to drive endergonic reactions, which are reactions...

key terms and concepts

See how ATP drives cellular work through energy coupling, from the sodium-potassium pump to glucose phosphorylation in glycolysis.

ATP Powers Cellular Work | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

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HS-PS1-3

ATP Powers Cellular Work

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