Name: human survival needs in the body
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Requirements for Human Life

인체는 생존을 위해 음식, 산소, 물과 같은 다양한 요소와 체온, 기압을 포함한 안전한 범위의 신체 조건이 필요합니다.
음식은 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방, 비타민 및 미네랄과 같은 영양소로 소화됩니다. 이러한 영양소는 에너지를 제공하며 인간의 성장과 발달에 필수적입니다. 
산소는 산화 반응을 통해 다양한 생리적 기능에 필요한 에너지를 생산하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 산소가 없으면 신체는 몇 분 동안만 생존할 수 있습니다.
물은 신체 내 다양한 생화학 반응의 일부이며 신체 분비물과 같은 다양한 과정에 매질을 제공합니다. 땀이나 배뇨로 인해 손실되는 수분을 보충하기 위해 정기적으로 복원해야 합니다.
생화학 반응을 일으키는 효소를 위해 약 36-37°C의 체온이 필요합니다. 이 범위보다 높거나 낮은 온도는 이러한 반응을 방해합니다.
신체에 가해지는 대기압은 신체 내부의 가스를 용해 상태로 유지합니다. 높은 고도와 같은 조건에서는 대기압이 떨어지어 폐의 호흡 및 가스 교환에 영향을 미칩니다.

인간 생활의 필수 조건

지구와 대기는 인간에게 공기, 물, 식량을 제공해 왔지만, 이것이 생존을 위한 유일한 필요 요건은 아닙니다. 인간은 기본적으로 지구와 대기가 제공하는 특정 범위의 온도와 압력도 필요로 합니다. 산소. 대기의 공기는 약 20%만 산소로 구성되어 있지만, 산소는 ATP를 생성하는 반응을 포함하여, 신체를 유지하는 화학 반응의 핵심 구성 요소입니다. 뇌세포는 ATP를 지속적으로 많이 생산해야 하기 때문에 산소 부족에 취약합니다. 산소가 공급되지 않으면 5분 이내에 뇌 손상이 발생하고, 10분 이내에 사망할 가능성이 높습니다. 영양소. 영양소는 인간의 생존에 필수적인 음식과 음료에 함유된 물질입니다. 영양소의 세 가지 기본 종류는 물, 에너지를 생산하고 신체를 구성하는 영양소, 미량 영양소인 비타민과 미네랄입니다. 가장 중요한 영양소는 물입니다. 신체의 기능성 화학 물질은 물에 용해되어 운반되며, 생명체의 화학 반응은 물에서 일어납니다. 또한 물은 세포와 혈액의 가장 중요한 구성 요소이며 세포와 물 사이의 체액은 성인 체중의 약 70%를 차지합니다. 에너지를 생성하는 영양소는 주로 탄수화물과 지질이며 단백질은 신체 구성 요소인 아미노산을 공급합니다. 인간은 식물성 및 동물성 식품과 음료를 통해 이러한 영양소를 섭취하며, 소화기관은 이를 흡수할 수 있을 만큼 작은 분자로 분해합니다. 탄수화물과 지질의 분해 산물은 대사 과정에서 ATP로 전환하는 데 사용될 수 있습니다. 물과 에너지를 생산하는 영양소는 신체에 다량으로 필요하기 때문에 다량 영양소라고도 합니다. 미량 영양소는 신경 자극과 같은 많은 필수 화학 반응과 과정에 참여하고, 칼슘과 같은 일부 영양소는 신체 구조에도 기여합니다. 신체는 일부 미량 영양소를 조직에 저장하고, 며칠 또는 몇 주 동안 식단을 거르면 이러한 비축분을 이용합니다. 비타민 C와 대부분의 비타민 B군과 같은 일부 다른 미량 영양소는 수용성이어서 저장할 수 없으므로, 균형 잡힌 양으로 정기적으로 섭취해야 합니다. 좁은 온도 범위. 우리 몸이 의존하는 화학 반응은 37°C(98.6°F) 바로 아래에서 바로 위까지, 좁은 체온 범위 내에서만 일어날 수 있습니다. 체온이 정상보다 훨씬 높거나 낮으면, 화학 반응을 촉매하는 특정 단백질(효소)이 정상적인 구조와 기능을 상실하여 신진대사의 화학 반응이 진행될 수 없게 됩니다. 또한 신체는 열이나 추위에 단기간 노출되어도 효과적으로 반응할 수 있습니다. 열에 대한 신체 반응 중 하나는 땀을 흘리는 것입니다. 땀은 피부에서 증발하면서 몸에서 열 에너지 일부가 제거되어 체온이 낮아집니다. 신체는 단기간의 추위 노출에도 효과적으로 대응할 수 있습니다. 추위에 대한 한 가지 반응은 열을 발생시키는 무작위적인 근육 움직임인 떨림이라고 불 수 있습니다. 좁은 범위의 대기압 대기압은 단순히 혈액 가스를 용해하는 것 이상의 역할을 합니다. 호흡 능력도 정확히 대기압에 따라 달라집니다. 고산병은 높은 고도의 대기가 압력을 덜 가하여, 이러한 가스의 교환이 감소하고, 호흡 곤란, 혼란, 두통, 무기력, 메스꺼움을 유발하기 때문에 발생합니다. 이 텍스트는 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-4-requirements-for-human-life">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.4: Requirements for Human Life</a>에서 발췌되었습니다

지구와 지구의 대기는 인간에게 공기, 물, 식량을 제공해 왔지만, 이것만이 생존을 위한 유일한 요건은 아닙니다. 인간은 또한 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

해부학 및 생리학

Unit 1

제1단원

Introduction to the Human Body

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

human survival needs in the body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits.

Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen because they need steady ATP production. Brain damage is likely within five minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within ten minutes.

Nutrients are substances in foods and beverages that are essential for survival. The three basic classes are water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients, which include vitamins and minerals. Water is the most critical nutrient. It dissolves and carries the body’s functional chemicals, and many life processes take place in water. Water is also the main component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells, and it makes up about 70 percent of an adult’s body mass.

Energy-yielding nutrients are mainly carbohydrates and lipids. Proteins provide amino acids, which are the body’s building blocks. Humans get these nutrients from plant and animal foods and from beverages, and the digestive system breaks them into molecules small enough to absorb. The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then enter metabolic processes that produce ATP. Water and energy-yielding nutrients are called macronutrients because the body needs them in large amounts.

Micronutrients help many essential chemical reactions and processes, including nerve impulses. Some, such as calcium, also support body structure. The body can store some micronutrients in tissues and use those reserves if they are missing from the diet for a few days or weeks. Other micronutrients, including vitamin C and most B vitamins, are water-soluble and cannot be stored well, so they must be eaten regularly in balanced amounts.

Body temperature must also stay in a narrow range. The chemical reactions the body depends on can occur only from just below to just above 37 degrees Celsius, or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. If body temperature rises too high or falls too low, enzymes lose their normal shape and cannot do their jobs, so metabolism cannot continue properly. The body can still respond to short-term heat or cold. Sweating cools the body as sweat evaporates, and shivering creates heat through random muscle movement.

Atmospheric pressure is another requirement for life. It helps keep blood gases dissolved, and it also supports breathing. At high altitude, the atmosphere exerts less pressure, which reduces gas exchange. This can cause altitude sickness, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Learn how oxygen, nutrients, body temperature, and atmospheric pressure support human survival, ATP production, and normal body function in high school biology.

Human Survival Needs in the Body | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.a

BIO.2.c

LS.2

LS.2.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9L.1.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L1

HS.L1U1.20

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.7

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-2.

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Solution Preparation
ExpandCAUTION: It is important to always use care when handling reagents. For example, iodine will stain clothes and skin so wear ...

Identifying Macromolecules with Indicator Solutions
ExpandHYPOTHESES: In this activity, the experimental hypothesis might be that the addition of an ...

pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge ...

Chemistry of the Cell

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, ...

Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an ...

Enzymes and Activation Energy

The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to ...

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate ...

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from ...

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at ...

introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple &#34;lock-and-key&#34; fashion. This model stated that the enzyme ...

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ...

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory ...

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

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