Name: feedback loops in body balance
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Negative and Positive Feedback

대사 경로 또는 세포 신호 경로와 같은 생물학적 기능은 음성 및 양성 피드백 루프로 구성된 피드백 메커니즘에 의해 조절됩니다.
긍정적 인 피드백은 프로세스의 제품이 생산량을 더 증가시켜 반응을 증가시킬 때 발생합니다.
혈액 응고 과정은 긍정적 피드백 루프의 일반적인 예 중 하나입니다.
혈관 벽의 절단은 혈관과 주변 혈소판이 화학 신호를 방출하도록 유도하는 자극 역할을 하여 여러 응고 인자를 활성화하고 혈소판을 손상 부위로 끌어당겨 혈전을 시작합니다. 혈소판은 발달하는 혈전이 상처를 완전히 봉합할 때까지 더 많은 혈소판을 해당 부위로 유인하기 위해 화학적 신호를 분비합니다.
음의 피드백 루프는 반응의 생성물이 초기 자극을 감소시킬 때 발생합니다.
예를 들어, 혈당 수치가 증가하면 췌장에서 인슐린이 분비되어 간 세포의 포도당 흡수를 유발하여 혈당 수치가 감소합니다.
혈당 수치가 회복되면 췌장은 인슐린 생산을 멈춥니다.

부정적 피드백과 긍정적 피드백

동물 기관과 기관 시스템은 항상성("정상 상태")이라는 과정을 통해 내부 및 외부 변화에 지속적으로 적응합니다. 이러한 변화의 예로는 혈액 내 포도당이나 칼슘 수준의 조절이나 외부 온도에 대한 내부 반응이 있습니다. 항상성은 내부 동적 평형을 유지해야 합니다:

신체 시스템이 겪는 변화에 지속적으로 적응하기 때문에 역동적입니다.

신체 기능이 특정 범위 내에서 유지되므로 균형이 유지됩니다. 명백히 활동적이지 않은 동물이라도 이러한 항상성 평형을 유지하고 있습니다.

항상성 과정

항상성의 목표는 설정점이라고 불리는 지점이나 값 주위에서 평형을 유지하는 것입니다. 설정점에서 정상적인 변동이 있는 동안 신체 시스템은 일반적으로 이 지점으로 돌아가려고 시도합니다. 내부 또는 외부 환경의 변화를 자극이라고 하며 수용체에 의해 감지됩니다. 시스템의 응답은 편차 매개변수를 설정점으로 조정하는 것입니다.

항상성의 조절

동물의 환경 외부에서 변화가 발생하면 조정이 이루어져야 합니다. 수용체는 환경의 변화를 감지한 다음 제어 센터(대부분의 경우 뇌)에 신호를 보내며, 이는 차례로 이펙터에 신호를 보내는 반응을 생성합니다. 효과기는 근육(수축 또는 이완) 또는 분비선입니다. 이러한 신호와 반응은 무의식적인 자율 피드백 루프에 의해 제어됩니다. 부정적인 피드백 루프는 항상성을 유지합니다. 긍정적인 피드백 루프는 유기체를 항상성에서 더 멀리 밀어내지만 생명 기능에 필요할 수 있습니다. 따라서 항상성은 포유류의 신경 및 내분비계에 의해 조절됩니다.

설정값

시스템의 설정점을 조정할 수 있습니다. 이런 일이 발생하면 피드백 루프가 작동하여 새 설정을 유지합니다. 이에 대한 예는 혈압입니다. 시간이 지남에 따라 혈압의 지속적인 증가로 인해 혈압의 정상 또는 설정점이 증가할 수 있습니다. 신체는 더 이상 고도를 비정상으로 인식하지 않으며 더 낮은 설정점으로 돌아가려는 시도도 하지 않습니다. 그 결과 신체에 해를 끼칠 수 있는 혈압이 정기적으로 높아집니다. 약물은 혈압을 낮추고 시스템의 설정점을 보다 건강한 수준으로 낮출 수 있습니다. 이는 피드백 루프에서 설정점을 변경하는 프로세스로 알려져 있습니다.

다른 시스템의 설정점을 유지하기 위해 신체 기관 시스템 그룹에서 변경이 이루어질 수 있습니다. 이것을 순응이라고 합니다. 예를 들어, 동물이 원래 익숙했던 고도보다 더 높은 고도로 이주할 때 이런 일이 발생합니다. 더 높은 고도에서 낮은 산소 수준에 적응하기 위해 신체는 조직에 적절한 산소 전달을 보장하기 위해 혈액에서 순환하는 적혈구 수를 증가시킵니다. 적응의 또 다른 예로서, 일부 동물은 털에 계절적 변화가 있습니다. 겨울에 더 무거운 털은 적절한 보온을 보장하고, 여름에 더 가벼운 털은 체온이 유해한 수준으로 상승하는 것을 방지하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

이 텍스트는 다음에서 수정되었습니다 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/33-3-homeostasis">Openstax, Biology 2e, Section 33.3: Homeostasis</a>

동물의 장기와 장기 시스템은 항상성(homeostasis, "정상 상태")이라는 과정을 통해 내부 및 외부 변화에 지속적으로 적응합니다. 예제...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

해부학 및 생리학

Unit 1

제1단원

Introduction to the Human Body

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

feedback loops in body balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment.

Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift.

These control systems are important in many parts of biology. They help explain how the body responds to change and how certain processes stay balanced or move toward a clear outcome.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human Survival Needs in the Body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Explore how negative and positive feedback help maintain body balance and homeostasis. Learn how these control loops change responses in biology.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Levels Of Organization

Homeostasis

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.a

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9L.1.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L1

HS.L1U1.20

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.4

Next Generation Science Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.5

BIO.5.C

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-3.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-3.

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Nucleic Acid Structure

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

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Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

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Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

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LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

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Cell Size

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

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Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

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Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

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