Name: anatomical direction and body position
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:53.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Levels Of Organization

Anatomical Terminology

Directional Terms

방향성 용어는 표준 해부학적 위치를 참조로 사용하여 신체 부위의 상대적 위치를 매핑합니다.
이 직립 자세에서 몸의 앞쪽은 앞쪽 또는 배쪽이고 뒤쪽은 뒤쪽 또는 뒤쪽입니다. 예를 들어, 심장은 척추의 앞쪽에 있고 흉골의 뒤쪽에 있습니다.
우수하고 열등하다는 용어는 머리와 발에 대한 신체 부위의 위치를 나타냅니다. 가슴은 무릎보다 우수하지만 머리보다 열등합니다.
내측과 외측은 신체의 정중선을 향하거나 멀어지는 위치를 나타냅니다. 가슴은 팔의 내측에 있고 귀는 머리의 측면에 있습니다.
근위부와 원위부는 몸통에서 더 가깝거나 더 먼 신체 부위를 나타냅니다. 예를 들어, 팔꿈치는 손목 근위부에 있고 발목은 무릎 원위부에 있습니다.
마찬가지로, 피상적이라는 용어는 표면에 더 가깝다는 것을 의미하고 깊다는 것은 표면에서 멀어짐을 의미합니다. 피부는 뼈에 비해 표면적이지만 심장은 깊습니다.

방향 용어

방향 용어는 다양한 신체 구조의 상대적 위치를 설명하는 데 필수적입니다. 예를 들어, 해부학자는 한 조직이 다른 조직보다 하쪽에 있다고 설명이 가능하며, 의사는 종양을 더 깊은 신체 구조의 표피에 있다고 설명할 수 있습니다. 이러한 용어는 신체의 직립 표준 해부학적 참조 위치를 참조하여 한 신체 부위의 상대적 위치를 추적하거나 표면적으로 존재하는 더 깊은 조직과 같은 신체 조직에 대한 설명을 추적하기 위해 쌍으로 비교 용어를 사용하는 경우가 많습니다.


전방 또는 복측과 같은 용어는 신체의 앞쪽 또는 앞쪽을 향한 방향을 나타냅니다. 발가락은 발보다 앞쪽에 있습니다. 대조적으로, 후방 또는 등쪽은 몸의 뒤쪽이나 방향을 나타냅니다. 예를 들어, 슬와근은 슬개골 뒤쪽에 있습니다. 대조되는 용어 쌍인 상위 및 하위는 각각 머리와 발을 기준으로 한 위치를 나타냅니다. 위쪽이란 신체의 다른 부분보다 위 또는 높은 위치를 말합니다. Orbits는 Orbularis oris보다 위쪽에 있습니다. 대조적으로, 하등은 꼬리 근처 또는 꼬리(사람의 경우 미골 또는 척추의 가장 낮은 부분)와 같이 신체의 다른 부분보다 아래 또는 더 낮은 위치를 나타냅니다. 골반은 복부보다 아래 쪽에 있습니다.


마찬가지로 내측 및 외측 용어는 신체의 정중선을 향하거나 멀어지는 위치를 나타냅니다. 측면은 신체의 측면을 향한 측면 또는 방향을 나타냅니다. 엄지손가락(폴렉스)은 손가락 옆쪽에 있습니다. 내측(Medial)은 신체의 중앙 또는 중앙을 향한 방향을 나타냅니다. 무지는 발가락 안쪽에 있습니다.


중간이라는 용어는 독립적으로 해부학에서 자주 사용되며 두 구조 사이에 존재하는 구조를 나타냅니다. 예를 들어, 가로 결장은 오름차순 결장과 내림차순 결장 사이의 중간입니다. 또한 쇄골의 위치는 어깨와 가슴뼈 사이의 중간에 존재합니다.


다른 상대적 용어 세트에는 근위 대 원위가 포함됩니다. 여기서 전자는 신체의 몸통에 더 가까운 사지 위치를 나타내고 후자는 상완이 신체의 몸통에 가까운 위치와 같이 신체의 몸통에서 더 먼 위치를 나타냅니다. 전완골(antebrachium), 십자(crus)는 대퇴골의 원위부에 있습니다.


마찬가지로 표면이라는 용어는 신체 표면에 더 가까운 위치를 설명합니다. 피부는 뼈보다 표면적입니다. 깊은은 신체 표면에서 더 먼 위치를 나타냅니다. 뇌는 두개골 깊숙한 곳에 있습니다.


또한 동측 및 반대측과 같이 거의 사용되지 않는 몇 가지 용어는 신체의 동일하거나 다른 측면에 위치한 다른 신체 구조의 구조에 대한 설명을 제공합니다. 예를 들어, 상행 결장과 담낭의 위치는 동측입니다. 그러나 오름차순 결장과 하행 결장은 반대편에 있습니다.


이 문서는 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.6: </a>Anatomical Terminology에서 발췌되었습니다.

방향 용어는 서로 다른 신체 구조의 상대적 위치를 설명하는 데 필수적입니다. 예를 들어, 해부학자는 한 밴드를 설명할 수 있습니다.

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

해부학 및 생리학

Unit 1

제1단원

Introduction to the Human Body

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

anatomical direction and body position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose.

Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also called dorsal, means toward the back of the body. For example, the toes are anterior to the foot, and the popliteus is posterior to the patella.

Another pair is superior and inferior. Superior means above or higher than another body part. Inferior means below or lower than another body part, toward the feet or tail region. The orbits are superior to the orbicularis oris, and the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.

Medial and lateral describe location relative to the body’s midline. Lateral means toward the side of the body, while medial means toward the middle. The thumb, or pollex, is lateral to the digits. The hallux is the medial toe. The term intermediate is also used for a structure that lies between two others, such as the transverse colon between the ascending and descending colon. The collarbone is intermediate between the shoulder and the breastbone.

Proximal and distal are used mainly for limbs. Proximal means nearer to the body’s trunk, and distal means farther from the trunk. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium, and the crus is distal to the femur. Superficial means closer to the surface of the body, so the skin is superficial to the bones. Deep means farther from the surface, and the brain is deep in the skull. Some terms are used less often, such as ipsilateral, which means on the same side, and contralateral, which means on opposite sides. The ascending colon and the gall bladder are ipsilateral, while the ascending and descending colon are contralateral.

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human Survival Needs in the Body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Learn anatomical direction terms for describing body structures, including anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep.

Anatomical Direction and Body Position | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body&#39;s structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the ...

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body&#39;s structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, ...

Functions of Life

Human life is characterized by a variety of functions that are essential for survival and well-being. These functions include metabolism, movement, ...

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth&#x27;s biosphere. ...

Hierarchy of Organization

Content elaboration: Building on knowledge about cell structures and processes from middle school and Biology, this topic focuses on the increasing complexity of cells as they are organized into tissues. Several tissue types make up an organ. Several organs working together make up an organ system. All the organ systems interact and form the human body.

Hierarchy of Organization

Tissues

Tissues are a group of cells that share a common embryonic origin. Microscopic observation reveals that the cells in a tissue share morphological features ...

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

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Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. It uses a hierarchy of increasingly ...

Phylogeny

Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon ...

Types of Tissues

Content elaboration: The human body is comprised of four types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. This topic includes a broad overview of the structure, function and location of each tissue type. Tissues can be studied as an independent unit or as they are encountered within each organ system. Investigations are used to understand and explain types of tissues in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Types of Tissues

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, ...

pH Homeostasis

Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because ...

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback&#8212;a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a ...

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress&mdash;be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic&mdash;involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. ...

Homeostasis

Content elaboration: Homeostasis is a theme that is explored throughout the course. Homeostasis involves positive and negative feedback mechanisms that continuously monitor and adjust the body's internal conditions (e.g., temperature regulation, pH, hormone regulation, blood pressure, hemostasis). At times, there can be a disruption (or disruptions) in the feedback loops, creating an imbalance. This homeostatic imbalance can result in a variety of conditions.

Homeostasis

Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe ...

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These ...

Regional Terms

Regional terms describe anatomy by dividing the body parts into different regions that contain structures involved in contributing similar functions. ...

Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of ...

Body Planes

Body planes in anatomy are imaginary flat surfaces used as reference points to divide the body into sections for anatomical study. These planes are ...

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body&#39;s joints and muscles. These movements are described ...

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient&#39;s abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians ...

Anatomical Terminology

Content elaboration: Standard anatomical position is to be used as a reference point. Each area of the human body is identified by region. The features and structures of the body, relative to each other, are described by directional terms. The body and its organs can be divided by planes. The organs are located in cavities.

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

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