Name: four reaction types in titrimetric analysis
Uploaded: 2024-04-04T10:51:16.000Z
Duration: 1 min 1 s
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적정 분석은 관련된 반응 유형에 따라 4가지 주요 범주로 분류됩니다.
중화 또는 산-염기 적정은 양성자와 수산화물 이온의 반응을 포함하여 물 분자를 형성하는 것을 포함합니다.
산성측정법(acidimetry)에서, 염기성 분석물은 강산의 표준 용액으로 적정됩니다.
대조적으로, 알칼리 측정은 강염기의 표준 용액을 사용하여 산성 분석물을 적정하는 것을 포함합니다.
산화 환원 적정에서 적정제와 분석물의 산화수는 전자가 환원제에서 산화제로 전달됨에 따라 변합니다. 
착물 적정에서 적정 리간드는 금속 이온 분석물과 반응하여 금속-리간드 복합체를 형성합니다.
마지막으로, 침전 적정에서 분석물과 적정제는 반응하여 침전물을 형성합니다.

반응 유형에 따른 적정 분석의 분류

Classification of Titrimetric Analysis Based on Reaction Types

용액 화학의 적정 분석에는 용액의 부피 측정이 포함되며 종종 부피 분석이라고 합니다. 뷰렛에 들어 있는 농도를 알고 있는 표준 용액을 적정제라고 하고, 플라스크에 들어 있는 농도를 알 수 없는 용액을 분석물 또는 적정제라고 합니다. 적정제 분석은 적정제와 분석물 사이의 반응을 기준으로 4가지 유형으로 분류될 수 있습니다.

산과 염기 사이의 적정은 물 분자를 형성하는 중화 반응으로 이어집니다. 이를 산-염기 적정이라고 합니다. 예를 들어, 수산화나트륨 표준용액을 염산 분석물로 적정하면 물이 생성되고 산성 중성인 나트륨 이온과 염화물 이온이 남습니다. 적정 분석의 두 번째 유형인 착화합물 적정에서는 은 및 수은과 같은 금속 이온이 시안화물 및 염화물과 같은 전자 공여체와 함께 결합되어 착물을 형성합니다. 세 번째 유형은 침전 적정으로, 적정제가 분석물과 반응하여 불용성 생성물을 형성합니다. 예를 들어, 염화물 이온과 질산은 용액 사이의 적정은 불용성 염화은을 생성합니다. 마지막 유형의 적정 분석에서는 산화환원 반응을 사용하여 분석물의 양이나 농도를 결정합니다. 이 경우, 적정제와 분석물의 산화 상태는 둘 사이의 전자 이동의 결과로 변합니다. 표준용액은 산화제나 환원제일 수 있으며, 종말점은 지시약이나 전기신호의 변화로 검출할 수 있습니다.

용액 화학에서 적정 분석은 용액의 부피를 측정하는 것을 포함하며 종종 체적 분석이라고 합니다. 의 표준 솔루션 ...

classification-of-titrimetric-analysis-based-on-reaction-types

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

분석 화학

Unit 1

제1단원

Chemical Equilibria

화학 평형

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

four reaction types in titrimetric analysis

Titrimetric analysis measures solution volume and is also called volumetric analysis. A standard solution with a known concentration is placed in the burette and is called the titrant. The solution with an unknown concentration in the flask is the analyte, or titrand.

Titrimetric analysis is grouped into four types based on the reaction between the titrant and the analyte. Acid-base titrations involve a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. This reaction forms water molecules. For example, sodium hydroxide standard solution can be titrated with hydrochloric acid. The reaction produces water and leaves the sodium and chloride ions neutral.

Complexometric titrations are the second type. In these titrations, metal ions such as silver and mercury combine with electron donors such as cyanide and chloride to form complexes. Precipitation titrations are the third type. Here, the titrant reacts with the analyte to form an insoluble product. A chloride ion titrated with silver nitrate, for example, forms insoluble silver chloride.

Redox titrations are the fourth type of titrimetric analysis. They use oxidation-reduction reactions to find the amount or concentration of an analyte. During the reaction, electrons move between the titrant and the analyte, and their oxidation states change. The standard solution may act as an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent. The end point can be detected with indicators or by changes in electrical signals.

Four Reaction Types in Titrimetric Analysis

four-reaction-types-in-titrimetric-analysis

ionic strength: overview

Ionic Strength in Salt and Acid Solutions

Ionic strength describes the total electrolyte concentration in a solution. It is a quantitative measure of how many ions are present and how strongly they contribute to the solution. The concept was introduced in 1921 by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall while they were describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. To calculate ionic strength, written as I or μ, both cations and anions are included. The concentration of each ion matters, but the charge number z matters even...

ionic strength: effects on chemical equilibria

ionic-strength-effects-on-chemical-equilibria

Salt Effect on Salt Solubility

Salt effect can change the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water. When an inert ionic compound is added, the dissolved salt may become more soluble. A common example is potassium nitrate added to a saturated calcium sulfate solution, which increases the amount of calcium sulfate that dissolves. Le Châtelier’s principle does not explain this shift well. Instead, the change is described by the effective concentration of ions in solution. Each ion is surrounded by an ionic atmosphere,...

thermodynamics: chemical potential and activity

thermodynamics-chemical-potential-and-activity

Chemical Potential in Solution Activity

Chemical potential and activity describe how a species behaves in a solution. Activity is the effective concentration of a species. It accounts for the electrolytes near that species and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. Activity is calculated as molar concentration multiplied by the activity coefficient. This makes it a more precise way to describe a species in solution than concentration alone. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is also defined more accurately using activity...

thermodynamics: activity coefficient

Activity Coefficient in Ionic Solutions

Activity coefficient in ionic solutions describes how much a species behaves like its measured concentration. Activity is the effective concentration of a solute in solution. It equals the molar concentration multiplied by the activity coefficient, which is a unitless number. The activity coefficient depends on the total ionic strength of the solution. It shows how far a solution is from ideal behavior. When ionic strength is very low, the activity coefficient of an ionic species is close to...

chemical equilibria: redefining equilibrium constant

chemical-equilibria-redefining-equilibrium-constant

Salt Effect in Equilibrium Constant Calculations

Salt effect changes how a sparingly soluble salt dissolves when an inert salt is added. The size of this effect depends on the ionic strength of the solution. Ionic strength reflects how strongly the ions in the solution interact. In solution, the activity of a species is the product of its concentration and its activity coefficient. A redefined equilibrium constant must account for these activity effects when the ionic strength is moderately high. This form is also called the thermodynamic...

factors affecting activity coefficient

How Ionic Strength Changes Activity Coefficient

The activity coefficient of an ion in water depends on ionic strength, ion charge, and ion size. The extended Debye-Hückel equation describes these effects for aqueous solutions at 25°C. These three factors are partly linked, so changes in one can influence the others. When a solution has almost zero ionic strength, the activity coefficient is close to one. That means the solution behaves almost ideally. As ionic strength rises from 0 to 0.1 mol/L, the activity coefficient usually drops.

chemical equilibria: systematic approach to equilibrium calculations

chemical-equilibria-systematic-approach-to-equilibrium-calculations

Equilibrium Calculations with Mass and Charge

Chemical equilibrium calculations become easier when they are organized around mass balance and charge balance. This approach is useful for systems with multiple equilibria, where several reactions must be considered together. It is especially helpful when finding the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water with a common ion present. The first step is to identify every chemical reaction in the system. Next, write the equilibrium constant expression for each reaction. These expressions...

acid&#8211;base equilibria: activity-based definition of ph

acidbase-equilibria-activity-based-definition-of-ph

How Ionic Strength Changes pH

pH depends on hydrogen ion activity, not just hydrogen ion concentration. In an ideal solution, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. In a non-ideal solution, a more accurate pH uses hydrogen ion activity, which combines concentration with an activity coefficient. This difference matters most in very low ionic strength solutions, such as pure water. At first, the hydrogen ion activity coefficient is close to one. When an electrolyte that does not donate or accept a...

ladder diagrams: acid&#8211;base equilibria

Using Ladder Diagrams to Predict pH

Ladder diagrams help show how acid-base equilibria change with pH. They are graphical tools that make the chemistry of a system easier to read during analysis. In a ladder diagram, the vertical axis shows pH. Horizontal bars, or steps, place the pKa values in the system.

ladder diagrams: redox equilibria

Redox Potential Shifts in Ladder Diagrams

Ladder diagrams show redox equilibrium using electrochemical potential, E, as the vertical scale. They help students see how changes in concentration affect which species is most stable. The areas of predominance are set with the Nernst equation. A useful example is the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates. At potentials more negative than +0.771 V, Fe2+ predominates. Ladder diagrams also show...

ladder diagrams: complexation equilibria

Reading Metal-Ligand Ladder Diagrams

Ladder diagrams help show equilibria in metal-ligand complexes. In these diagrams, the vertical scale shows pL, or the concentration of free ligand that has not reacted. The horizontal lines mark the log of formation constants and show which species is dominant in each region. For the Cd and ammonia system, the formation constant K1 for Cd(NH3)2+ is 3.55 × 10^2. Its log value is 2.55, so pNH3 = 2.55 is the dividing line between Cd2+ and Cd(NH3)2+ dominance. Above 2.55, Cd2+ is the predominant...

solubility equilibria: overview

How Solubility Reaches Equilibrium

Solubility equilibrium describes what happens when a sparingly soluble salt dissolves in water and then reaches a balance with the solid left over. In a saturated solution, dissolved ions and the undissolved solid are in dynamic equilibrium. The process is reversible, so this topic is also called precipitation equilibrium. This balance matters in real life. Sugar-rich foods can produce organic acids that dissolve hydroxyapatite, the mineral in tooth enamel, which can lead to tooth decay. A...

solubility equilibria: ionic product of water

solubility-equilibria-ionic-product-of-water

Water Ionization and Kw in Equilibrium

Water ionization and the ionic product of water describe how pure water reaches equilibrium. Water is a weak electrolyte, so only a small amount breaks into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. At a fixed temperature, the amount of undissociated water stays almost constant. Because of this, the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen ion concentration and the hydroxide ion concentration. It is written as K w . The square root of K w gives the concentration of each ion in pure water.

complexation equilibria: overview

Stepwise Metal-Ligand Complexation

Stepwise metal-ligand complexation forms coordination compounds when metal ions and ligands share electrons through dative, or coordinate covalent, bonds. In these reactions, the metal ion binds to one or more ligands until its coordination number is reached. This number tells how many bonds form between the metal ion and the ligands. In aqueous solution, many metal ions are already surrounded by water molecules. These species are called aqua complexes. Complexation reactions are described by...

complexation equilibria: the chelate effect

complexation-equilibria-the-chelate-effect

Chelating Ligands and Metal Complex Stability

Metal complexes form when metal atoms or cations interact with ligands in a complexation reaction. These donor-acceptor adducts are central to understanding how metal ions bind in chemistry. Ligands can bind in different ways. A monodentate ligand uses one donor site. A bidentate ligand uses two donor sites, and a polydentate ligand uses more than two. Ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms and forms a five-membered ring. Polydentate ligands can...

complexation equilibria: factors influencing stability of complexes

complexation-equilibria-factors-influencing-stability-of-complexes

Complex Ions: Metal and Ligand Stability

Complex ions form when a metal cation accepts electron pairs from ligands, which are the electron pair donors. The stability of these metal complexes depends mainly on the metal ion and on the ligands attached to it. The metal ion’s size and charge play a major role in stability. As the size of the metal ion increases, complex stability usually decreases when the valency of the metal ion and the ligands stays the same. As the charge on the metal ion increases, complex stability increases. <br...

redox equilibria: overview

Redox Electron Transfer and Half-Reactions

Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another. In this type of reaction, electrons are not shared between atoms. They move from the species that loses them to the species that gains them. The species that loses electrons is the reducing agent, also called the reductant. It is oxidized during the reaction. The species that gains electrons is the oxidizing agent, or oxidant, and it is reduced. Redox reactions are often written as two half-reactions. One...

titrimetric methods: types and commonly used strategies

titrimetric-methods-types-and-commonly-used-strategies

Direct, Back, and Displacement Titrations

Titrimetric methods use a standard solution to measure the amount of an analyte in chemistry. The main categories are volumetric, gravimetric, and coulometric methods. Each one reaches the endpoint in a different way. In volumetric titrations, the key measurement is the volume of a titrant with a known concentration. The titrant is added until it reacts completely with the analyte. In gravimetric titrations, the standard solution forms an insoluble precipitate with the analyte. That solid is...

classification of titrimetric analysis based on reaction types

Titrimetric analysis measures solution volume and is also called volumetric analysis. A standard solution with a known concentration is placed in the burette and is called the titrant. The solution with an unknown concentration in the flask is the analyte, or titrand. Titrimetric analysis is grouped into four types based on the reaction between the titrant and the analyte. Acid-base titrations involve a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. This reaction forms water molecules.

key terms and concepts

Explore how titrimetric analysis is classified into acid-base, complexometric, precipitation, and redox titrations with clear examples for high school chemistry.

Four Reaction Types in Titrimetric Analysis | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry simplifies complex chemical principles by breaking them down into clear, engaging animations, making topics from SI Units to NMR spectroscopy more accessible and straightforward. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos highlight the application of these concepts in real-world research conducted in laboratories globally.

Four Reaction Types in Titrimetric Analysis

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