Name: pituitary lobe structure and hormone links
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:06:13.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Integration And Coordination

Endocrine System

The Pituitary Gland

뇌하수체는 시상하부(hypothalamus) 아래의 접형골(sphenoid bone)에 위치한 작은 내분비 기관입니다.
주로 성인의 뇌하수체에는 전엽과 후엽이라는 두 개의 뚜렷한 해부학적 및 기능적 영역이 있습니다.
전엽의 두 부분인 pars distalis와 pars tuberalis는 다양한 호르몬을 생산하는 선상피 조직을 구성합니다.
전엽(anterior lobe)은 시상하부(hypophyseal portal) 시스템을 통해 시상하부(hypothalamus)와 혈관 연결을 가지고 있습니다.
복부 시상하부의 세포에서 분비되는 시상하부 호르몬은 이 포털 시스템을 통해 이동하여 전엽 세포의 호르몬 분비를 조절합니다.
뇌하수체 후엽(posterior ptuitary lobe)은 또한 깔때기 모양의 줄기인 infundibulum과 pars nervosa의 두 부분으로 나뉩니다.
infundibulum은 시상하부-하수하부의 상시상핵 및 주심실핵 축삭돌기의 통과를 허용하여 시상하부와의 신경 연결을 유지합니다.
이 기관은 이러한 시상하부 신경 분비 세포에서 분비되는 기성품 호르몬을 뇌하수체 후엽으로 전달하여 방출될 때까지 저장됩니다.

뇌하수체

뇌하수체는 시상하부 아래 접형골에 있는 작은 내분비 기관입니다. 주로 성인의 뇌하수체에는 전엽과 후엽이라는 두 개의 뚜렷한 해부학적 및 기능적 영역이 있습니다. 인간의 태아 발달 과정에서 중간부(pars intermedia)라고 불리는 세 번째 뇌하수체 영역이 위축되어 사라집니다. 그러나 일부 세포는 성인의 뇌하수체 전엽 근처로 이동하여 존재합니다.

전엽은 원위부와 결절부로 구성됩니다. 이 부위는 다양한 호르몬을 생성하는 선상피조직으로 구성됩니다. 전엽은 뇌하수체 포털 시스템을 통해 시상하부에 연결됩니다. 복부 시상하부 세포에서 분비되는 호르몬은 이 문맥 시스템을 통해 이동하여 전엽의 호르몬 분비 세포를 조절합니다.

뇌하수체 후엽은 깔때기 모양의 줄기인 누두부(infundibulum)와 신경부(pars nervosa)의 두 부분으로 구성됩니다. 누두부는 시상하부-하수체 관의 시신경 및 뇌실 주위 핵 축삭의 통과를 허용하여 시상하부와의 신경 연결을 유지합니다. 시상하부-하수체 경로는 시상하부 신경분비 세포에서 분비된 호르몬을 저장 및 방출을 위해 뇌하수체 후엽으로 전달합니다.

뇌하수체는 시상하부(hypothalamus) 아래의 접형골(sphenoid bone)에 위치한 작은 내분비 기관입니다.
주로 성인의 뇌하수체에는 두 가지 뚜렷한 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

해부학 및 생리학

Unit 1

제1단원

The Endocrine System

내분비계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

pituitary lobe structure and hormone links

The pituitary gland is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone, just under the hypothalamus. In adults, it has two main regions: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. During fetal development, a third region called the pars intermedia forms, but it atrophies and disappears. Some of its cells remain and are found next to the anterior pituitary in adults.

The anterior lobe includes the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis. These regions are made of glandular epithelial tissue, which produces several hormones. The anterior lobe connects to the hypothalamus through the hypophyseal portal system. Hormones from ventral hypothalamus cells move through this portal system and control the hormone-secreting cells of the anterior lobe.

The posterior pituitary also has two parts: the infundibulum and the pars nervosa. The infundibulum is a funnel-shaped stalk that lets axons from the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei pass through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract. This keeps a neural connection with the hypothalamus. The tract carries hormones made by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells into the posterior lobe for storage and release.

Pituitary Lobe Structure and Hormone Links

pituitary-lobe-structure-and-hormone-links

an overview of the endocrine system

How Hormones Coordinate Body Functions

The endocrine system uses hormones to coordinate body functions. It is a network of glands that releases chemical messengers into the body. These hormones carry signals between secretory cells and distant target cells. A hormone only affects cells that have the right receptor for it. The endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis, or a stable internal balance. It works with the nervous system to regulate metabolism, reproduction, and development. Both systems support intercellular...

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Endocrine Glands and Hormone Sources

The endocrine system is made of glands, tissues, and organs spread across the body. These parts work together to release hormones, which are chemical signals that help control body functions. Endocrine glands are ductless glands, so they release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, the fluid around cells. The hypothalamus is a key neuroendocrine organ in the brain. It links the nervous system and endocrine system and helps regulate hormones. Near it are the pituitary gland and pineal...

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Hormone Receptors and Cell Responses

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Hormone Structure and Function

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Hormone Signaling Through cAMP and Calcium

Water-soluble hormones signal through cell receptors and second messengers. Because these hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, they bind to protein receptors that span the membrane and start signaling inside the cell. The response often depends on small messenger molecules such as cAMP or calcium ions. Many of these hormones use G protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs. These membrane receptors connect to regulatory G proteins, which then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or...

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Hormone Receptors and Cell Response

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the pituitary gland

The pituitary gland is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone, just under the hypothalamus. In adults, it has two main regions: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. During fetal development, a third region called the pars intermedia forms, but it atrophies and disappears. Some of its cells remain and are found next to the anterior pituitary in adults. The anterior lobe includes the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis. These regions are made of glandular epithelial tissue, which...

hormones of the pituitary gland

Pituitary Hormones and Their Body Roles

The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland at the base of the brain. It helps regulate body functions such as growth and reproduction. The gland has two lobes, the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. In the anterior lobe, secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and produce six main hormones. Growth hormone is the most abundant hormone released from the anterior lobe. It supports overall growth by helping the body produce insulin-like growth...

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Thyroid Follicles, Cells, and Hormones

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How T3 and T4 Are Made and Controlled

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are made through a step-by-step process in the thyroid gland. Their release is also controlled by a feedback loop that helps keep hormone levels balanced in the body. When blood levels of T3 and T4 drop, the hypothalamus responds by releasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone, or TRH. TRH travels to the pituitary gland and stimulates it to release thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH, into the bloodstream. TSH then acts on the thyroid gland. It stimulates the follicular...

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Thyroid Hormones in Growth and Metabolism

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Calcitonin and Blood Calcium Control

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the parathyroid glands

Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Control

The parathyroid glands help control calcium balance in the body. These two pairs of glands sit on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and are enclosed by a dense capsule. They contain two main cell types: principal cells and oxyphil cells. Principal parathyroid cells make parathyroid hormone, or PTH, also called parathormone. These cells sense when blood calcium levels fall. When calcium drops, they release PTH to start a response that helps restore calcium balance. PTH acts on bones,...

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Adrenal Glands and the Stress Response

The adrenal glands help the body respond to stress. These paired, pyramid-shaped glands sit above the kidneys and line up with the twelfth rib. They also have a yellow tint because they store cholesterol and fatty acids needed to make hormones. Each gland is wrapped in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat. Inside, the gland has two main regions with different jobs. The outer adrenal cortex makes corticosteroids, which support longer-lasting stress responses. The cortex is organized into...

hormones of the adrenal glands

Adrenal Cortex and Stress Hormones

Adrenal hormones help control electrolyte balance and the body’s stress response. They come from the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla, which work together to support survival and normal body function. The adrenal cortex makes over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. In the zona glomerulosa, the main mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids help control the electrolyte makeup of body fluids. The zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone.

adrenal gland disorders

Hormone Imbalances in the Adrenal Glands

Hormone imbalances in the adrenal glands can cause too little or too much hormone production. The adrenal glands make hormones that help control stress, blood pressure, and body balance. When these levels move away from normal, several adrenal disorders can develop. Adrenal insufficiency happens when the adrenal cortex makes too little cortisol and aldosterone. A common example is Addison’s disease. It can cause skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss.

the pineal gland

Melatonin and the Pineal Gland

The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland in the forebrain. It sits on top of the third ventricle in the diencephalon. It gets its pinecone-shaped name from its form. This gland is made of secretory cells called pinealocytes. These cells are arranged in tight cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts. The pineal gland mainly releases melatonin, a hormone made from serotonin. Melatonin levels in the blood follow a day-night cycle. Light exposure affects this pattern.

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Pancreatic Hormones and Digestive Cells

The pancreas uses two main kinds of cells to support digestion and blood sugar control. Its exocrine cells and endocrine cells work together to keep the body balanced. The pancreas is a glandular organ in the abdominal cavity, and it belongs to both the digestive and endocrine systems. Exocrine function comes from acinar cells, which are grouped into clusters called acini. These cells release large amounts of alkaline digestive juice that is rich in enzymes. This secretion helps support...

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How Insulin and Glucagon Shift Energy

Insulin and glucagon are pancreatic hormones that help keep blood glucose levels in balance. Insulin is released by beta cells when blood glucose is high. Glucagon is released by alpha cells when blood glucose drops below normal. Insulin helps glucose move into insulin-dependent cells that have insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. It increases the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, which allows glucose to enter the cell more easily. This raises glucose use and...

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Type 2 Diabetes and Pregnancy Risks

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Hormones in Sexual Development and Pregnancy

Gonadal and placental hormones guide sexual development, reproduction, and pregnancy. The gonads are the testes in males and the ovaries in females. They produce hormones that help control these body processes. In males, testosterone is the main gonadal androgen, or male sex hormone. It helps the penis and testes mature. It also drives secondary sex characteristics, such as a deeper voice and facial and pubic hair growth. Testosterone also supports sperm production. In females, estrogen and...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the pituitary gland is organized into anterior and posterior lobes, how the hypophyseal portal system works, and how hormones move from the hypothalamus.

Pituitary Lobe Structure and Hormone Links | JoVE K12

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Nervous System

Pituitary Lobe Structure and Hormone Links

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