Name: aggregate pore states and water uptake
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T16:16:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

골재의 다공성은 골재에 있는 공극의 부피를 나타냅니다.
이러한 기공은 크기가 다양하며 골재 내에 둘러싸여 있거나 상호 연결되어 표면에 개방되어 있어 물이나 기타 유체가 골재로 들어갈 수 있습니다.
포화 표면 건조 상태는 모든 골재 기공이 수분으로 채워져 있지만 표면이 건조하다는 것을 의미합니다.
한편, 습한 상태는 포화된 골재의 표면에 과도한 수분이 존재함을 나타냅니다.
포화 표면 건조 상태의 골재가 공기에 노출되면 기공에서 일부 수분이 증발하여 공기 건조 상태가 됩니다.
오븐에서 건조하면 골재 기공에서 완전한 수분이 증발하여 뼈가 건조한 상태를 나타냅니다.
수분 흡수율은 포화 표면 건조 상태와 뼈 건조 상태 사이의 골재 질량 차이로 계산되며, 샘플의 건조 질량에 대한 백분율로 표시됩니다.
마지막으로, 콘크리트의 골재 기공에 흡수된 물은 시멘트에 수분을 공급하거나 콘크리트 작업성을 향상시키는 데 사용할 수 없습니다.
또한, 동결-해동 주기에 노출되면 이 흡수된 물로 인해 골재가 분해될 수 있습니다.

골재의 다공성과 흡수

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

골재에는 다양한 크기의 공극이 있습니다. 일부는 입자 내부에 완전히 봉인되어 있지만, 다른 일부는 표면으로 열려 있어 물이 침투할 수 있습니다. 골재는 콘크리트 부피의 약 3/4를 차지하기 때문에, 골재의 다공성은 콘크리트의 전체 다공성에 큰 영향을 미칩니다.

골재의 모든 공극이 물로 채워지면, 골재는 포화되고 표면이 건조한 상태로 간주됩니다. 골재를 건조한 공기에 두면, 골재가 공기 건조 상태에 도달할 때까지 물이 증발합니다. 오븐에서 장시간 건조하면 모든 수분이 제거되어 뼈처럼 마른 상태 또는 오븐 건조 상태가 됩니다.

중요한 골재 특성인 물 흡수율은 오븐에서 24시간 건조한 후 포화 표면이 건조한 샘플의 무게 감소로 측정되며, 골재의 건조 질량에 대한 질량 백분율 감소로 표시됩니다. 그러나 실제 건설 환경에서는 물 흡수율을 측정하는 데 현실적인 시간은 24시간이 아니라 10~30분입니다. 이 조정은 실제 건설 환경에서 믹서 내 골재의 실제 흡수량이 적고, 재료 추가 순서에 따라 영향을 받을 수 있기 때문입니다. 또한 골재의 공극에 흡수된 물은 시멘트의 수화와 콘크리트의 작업성에 기여하지 않을 수 있습니다.

골재의 다공성은 골재에 있는 공극의 부피를 나타냅니다.
이러한 기공은 크기가 다양하며 골재 내에 둘러싸여 있거나 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

토목공학

Unit 1

제1단원

Aggregates and Water

골재 및 용수

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

aggregate pore states and water uptake

Aggregate contains pores of different sizes, and those pores may be sealed inside the particle or open to the surface. Open pores let water enter the aggregate. Because aggregate makes up about three-quarters of concrete by volume, its porosity strongly affects the porosity of the finished concrete.

Aggregate can also be described by its moisture state. When water fills every pore, the material is saturated and surface-dry. If it sits in dry air, some water evaporates and the aggregate becomes air-dry. After long drying in an oven, no moisture remains, and the sample is bone-dry, or oven-dry.

Water absorption is an important aggregate property. It is measured by finding the weight loss of a saturated, surface-dry sample after it has been oven-dried for 24 hours. The result is reported as a percentage decrease in mass compared with the dry mass of the aggregate.

In practice, a shorter absorption time of about 10 to 30 minutes is often more realistic. In a mixer, aggregates absorb less water than they do in a long drying test, and the result also depends on the order in which materials are added. Water held in aggregate pores may not help cement hydration or improve concrete workability.

Aggregate Pore States and Water Uptake

unsoundness of aggregate due to volume change

unsoundness-of-aggregate-due-to-volume-change

Aggregate Durability in Freeze-Thaw Cycles

Aggregate durability can decline when volume changes damage the particles. Freezing and thawing, thermal change, and wetting and drying all place stress on aggregates. When unsound aggregates break down under these conditions, they can contribute to scaling, pop-outs, and cracking in concrete. Some aggregates are more vulnerable than others. Porous flints, cherts, and aggregates that contain clay minerals are especially prone to this kind of damage. Their internal structure can make them...

deleterious substances in aggregate

Testing Aggregate Impurities in Concrete

Aggregate impurities can lower the quality and durability of concrete. Organic matter, such as loam in sand, can interfere with cement hydration and weaken the bond between the aggregate and the cement paste. Organic impurities are often checked with a colorimetric test. In this test, the darkness of the solution after agitation shows the level of organic content. Clay and fine material can also coat aggregate particles and reduce the bond with the cement paste. The amount of clay and silt in...

sieve analysis and grading curves

Aggregate Size Testing with Sieve Grading

Aggregate size testing with sieve grading measures the particle size distribution of aggregate materials. It starts with a dried sample of aggregate that is weighed first. The sample is then sorted through a stack of square-opening sieves arranged from largest opening on top to smallest opening below. The sieve stack is shaken or vibrated so the particles move through the openings by size. After a set time, the material left on each sieve is weighed. That weight is then written as a percentage...

fineness modulus

Fineness Modulus from Sieve Analysis

Fineness modulus is a numerical index used to describe how coarse or fine aggregate particles are. For sand, it is found from sieve analysis using a standard set of ASTM sieves. The result helps show whether the sample is finer or more coarse. To calculate fineness modulus, first record the weight of aggregate retained on each sieve and in the pan at the bottom. Then find the cumulative weight retained on each sieve. Next, express each cumulative weight as a percentage of the total sample...

types of aggregate grading

Aggregate Grading for Strong Concrete Mixes

Aggregate grading describes the particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate. It is important for making a concrete mix that has enough strength, reasonable workability, and minimal segregation. The right grading also helps concrete stay economical. There are four main types of aggregate gradation: well-graded, uniformly graded, gap-graded, and open-graded. Each type has a different pattern on a gradation curve, which shows how particle sizes are spread across sieve sizes. These...

maximum size of aggregate

How Aggregate Size Affects Concrete Mix

Aggregate size affects how concrete is mixed, placed, and strengthened. The maximum size of aggregate is defined by the sieve aperture that retains 15 percent or more of the particles in the sample. This size choice helps determine the concrete’s water demand, workability, and final strength. Larger aggregate particles reduce the surface area that must be covered by cement paste. As a result, they can lower the water needed in the mix. When the desired workability and richness are kept, this...

quality of water

Water Standards for Concrete Mixing

Water standards for concrete mixing help control strength and durability. Potable water is usually preferred. Even so, it should not contain too much sodium or potassium, because these salts can weaken concrete integrity. Water quality is judged by impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates. The pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Slightly acidic natural water may still be acceptable if it does not contain harmful organic matter or algae. Limits for these impurities depend...

testing water quality

Water Tests for Concrete Performance

Water tests for concrete performance help determine whether an uncertain water source is safe to use in cement and mortar. The main checks compare the water against de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. Engineers look at both setting time and the compressive strength of mortar made with the test water. Standards set clear limits for these results. ASTM C1602 requires setting times to stay within 90 minutes of the control. BS 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute change in initial setting, while BS...

aggregates classification

Aggregate Types by Size, Weight, and Source

Aggregate types are grouped by size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. These categories help describe how different aggregates are identified and used in concrete. Size is one of the most common ways to classify them. Based on particle size, aggregates are either coarse or fine. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4. Fine aggregates are the particles that do pass through that sieve. Petrographic classification looks at shared mineral features.

shape and texture of coarse aggregate

How Aggregate Form Changes Concrete

Aggregate form affects how concrete mixes, packs, and bonds. Coarse aggregate is classified by the sharpness or roundness of its edges and corners. The main shapes are rounded, angular, elongated, and flaky. These shapes help show how the particles will behave in concrete. Rounded aggregates are fully shaped by attrition, which means they have been worn down by rubbing and impact. River gravel and seashore gravel are common examples. Angular aggregates, such as crushed rock, have clear edges...

bonding and strength of aggregate

How Aggregate Shape Affects Concrete Bond

Aggregate shape and surface texture affect how well concrete holds together. Rough, angular aggregates usually bond more strongly with the cement matrix than smooth, rounded ones. This stronger adhesion can help produce high-strength concrete. Angular aggregates also have a larger surface area. That gives the cement paste more area to grip, which improves the bond. Bond quality is hard to measure directly, and there is no single test that is accepted everywhere. A broken concrete sample can...

toughness and hardness of aggregate

Testing Aggregate Impact and Abrasion

Aggregate toughness and hardness are important for concrete used on pavement surfaces and industrial floors that must carry heavy loads. Toughness means an aggregate can resist failure from impact. Hardness means it can resist wear.

specific gravity of aggregate

Aggregate Pore Effects on Specific Gravity

Aggregate specific gravity depends on the pores inside the material. These pores may be permeable or impermeable, so the same aggregate can be described in more than one way. For this reason, specific gravity is grouped into bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity. Bulk or gross specific gravity uses the mass of aggregate in the saturated surface-dry state. It is compared with the total volume of the aggregate, including both the solids and the...

bulk density of aggregate

How Aggregate Size Affects Bulk Density

Bulk density describes the mass of aggregate that fills a unit volume, including the empty spaces between particles. Those void spaces remain because aggregate particles cannot be packed so tightly that every gap disappears. In practice, bulk refers to the total volume of both the particles and the spaces around them. This measurement matters when aggregates are batched by volume. It also helps convert materials measured by mass into a volume-based quantity. Natural mineral aggregates such as...

porosity and absorption of aggregate

Aggregate contains pores of different sizes, and those pores may be sealed inside the particle or open to the surface. Open pores let water enter the aggregate. Because aggregate makes up about three-quarters of concrete by volume, its porosity strongly affects the porosity of the finished concrete. Aggregate can also be described by its moisture state. When water fills every pore, the material is saturated and surface-dry. If it sits in dry air, some water evaporates and the aggregate becomes...

moisture content and bulking of aggregate

moisture-content-and-bulking-of-aggregate

How Aggregate Moisture Affects Concrete Mixes

Aggregate moisture affects concrete mixing by changing how much water must be added to the batch. Moisture content is the water coating the outside of aggregate that is in a saturated and surface-dry state. The total water in moist aggregate includes both moisture content and water absorption. When aggregates sit in stockpiles or are exposed to rain, they can take in moisture. That extra water must be counted during concrete batching so the water-to-cement ratio stays correct. The moisture...

key terms and concepts

Learn how aggregate pores affect concrete, and how saturation, air-dry, and oven-dry states relate to water absorption in construction materials.

Aggregate Pore States and Water Uptake | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering offers a foundational exploration of essential construction materials such as bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete, along with fluid mechanics topics like flow over immersed bodies, open channel flow, and dimensional modeling. It also covers key surveying concepts, including leveling, traverse adjustments, curve design, topographic mapping, and geospatial technologies (GPS & GIS). Science-in-action videos showcase laboratory research on materials, fluids, and surveying practices in real-world engineering systems.

civil engineering

Aggregate Pore States and Water Uptake

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