출처: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA
실험실의 첫 번째 부분에서는 50% w/w NaOH 용액을 사용하여 ~0.1M의 500mL를 준비합니다. 50% w/w NaOH는 중량 비율을 나타냅니다. 예를 들어, 강사가 50% w/w NaOH 용액 150mL를 준비한 경우 150g의 NaOH를 150g의 물에 용해시켰고 용액의 총 중량은 300g입니다.
| 50% w/w 원액의 밀도 | 1.53g/mL |
| 몰 질량NaOH | 39.998g / mol |
| 50% w/w 원액 중 NaOH 질량(mg) | |
| 총 질량 50% w/w 원액 | |
| 50% w/w 원액 부피(mL) | |
| 50 % w / w 용액 (mol)의 NaOH 몰 | |
| 50% w/w 원액의 몰 농도(M1) | |
| 50% w/w 용액 필요의 부피(V1) |
0.1 M NaOH를 준비한 후 산-염기 적정 방법을 사용하여 정확한 농도를 측정하거나 표준화하십시오. 이 기술에서는 NaOH와 같은 염기가 수소 프탈산 칼륨 (KHP)과 같은 산에 천천히 첨가됩니다. 플라스크에서 일어나는 화학 반응은 중화 반응입니다. 이 중화 반응에서 1몰의 염기는 1몰의 산을 중화시켜 소금과 물을 생성합니다. 이 반응은 pH가 산성 일 때 반응 시작시 무색 인 지표 phenolphthalein의 존재하에 수행됩니다. pH를 염기성으로 만들기 위해 플라스크에 충분한 NaOH가 추가되자마자 지시약이 분홍색으로 바뀝니다.
| 몰 질량KHP = 204.23g/mol | 플라스크 A | 플라스크 B | 플라스크 C |
| KHP의 질량 (g) | |||
| 부피 초기 NaOH(mL) | |||
| 최종 부피 NaOH (mL) | |||
| 부피NaOH (mL) | |||
| KHP의 두더지 | |||
| NaOH의 두더지 | |||
| NaOH의 몰 농도 | |||
| 평균 몰 농도 | |||
| 표준 편차 |
이 실험에서는 산-염기 적정을 사용하여 트리프로트산, 인산에 대한 3개의 pKa 값 중 2개를 결정할 것입니다. 이 중화 반응에서 인산은 NaOH와 반응하여 물과 소금인 인산나트륨을 형성합니다.
| 부피1st 당량 (mL) | |
| 부피1st 절반 당량 점 (mL) | |
| 부피2nd 당량 (mL) | |
| 부피2nd 절반 당량 점 (mL) | |
| 1st pKa 측정 | |
| 1st pKa이론적 | 2.16 |
| 2차 pKa측정 | |
| 이론적인 2차 pKa | 7.21 |
| NaOH의 두더지 | |
| H의 두더지3PO4 | |
| H의 몰 농도3PO4 |
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Q1: How do you prepare a 0.1 M NaOH solution from a 50% w/w stock solution?
Calculate the molarity of the 50% w/w NaOH stock solution using its density (1.53 g/mL) and molar mass (39.998 g/mol). Apply the dilution formula to determine the volume of stock solution needed to prepare 500 mL of ~0.1 M NaOH. Transfer the calculated volume to a labeled polyethylene bottle, add the appropriate volume of water, cap, and invert several times to mix thoroughly.
Q2: What is the purpose of standardization in acid-base titration?
Standardization determines the exact concentration of a prepared solution, such as NaOH, which may differ from the target concentration. Using a known acid like potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), you perform a neutralization reaction where one mole of base neutralizes one mole of acid. This allows you to calculate the actual molarity of NaOH based on the volume required to reach the endpoint indicated by phenolphthalein color change.
Q3: Why does the actual NaOH concentration differ from the prepared 0.1 M concentration?
NaOH is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air, making it difficult to weigh accurately. This property causes the actual concentration to be lower than the expected 0.1 molarity. Standardization using KHP corrects for this discrepancy by determining the true concentration through titration.
Q4: How does the half-equivalence point relate to pKa determination?
At the half-equivalence point, the concentrations of undissociated acid and its conjugate base are equal, making the pH equal to the pKa value. To find the first half-equivalence point, divide the volume of NaOH at the first equivalence point by two. Look up the pH at this volume from your titration data to obtain a precise pKa value for comparison with theoretical values.
Q5: What does it mean that phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid?
A triprotic acid can donate three protons per molecule when it dissociates in aqueous solution. Phosphoric acid has three pKa values, each corresponding to the dissociation of one proton. In this experiment, you measure two of the three Ka values by observing two sigmoidal curves and two equivalence points on the titration curve.
Q6: How do you identify equivalence points on a titration curve?
Equivalence points appear as the maximum peaks on the first derivative plot of the titration curve. Each peak corresponds to a dissociation constant (Ka) of the acid being titrated. For phosphoric acid, two equivalence points are visible, representing the first two pKa values. The experiment stops at pH 12, so only two of the three Ka values are measured.
Q7: What role does phenolphthalein play in standardizing NaOH with KHP?
Phenolphthalein is an acid-base indicator that is colorless in acidic conditions and turns pink in basic conditions. Added to the KHP solution before titration, it signals the endpoint when enough NaOH has been added to make the solution basic. The persistent pink color indicates that the neutralization reaction is complete, allowing you to record the volume of NaOH used to calculate its molarity.