Name: how food becomes atp
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Dietary Connections

- [Verteller] Naast glucose, nemen organismen ook voedsel op in de vorm van koolhydraten, eiwitten en lipiden die ook een rol spelen in het glycolysepad. koolhydraten, ketens van veel eenvoudige suikers, worden eerst in kleinere eenheden opgesplitst en in de glycolysepad gevoerd waar ze vervolgens in pyruvaat worden opgesplitst. Bijvoorbeeld sucrose, een suiker die voorkomt in de meeste groenten en fruit wordt opgesplitst in twee eenvoudigere suikers, fructose en glucose, en vervolgens gekataboliseerd in het glycolytische pad.

Eiwitten worden via enzymen opgesplitst in aminozuren. Terwijl sommige aminozuren worden gerecycled om nieuwe eiwitten aan te maken, kunnen anderen op verschillende punten het glycolytische pad betreden alleen nadat de aminegroep is verwijderd en omgezet is in ammoniak. Tenslotte worden lipiden in de vorm van cholesterol en triglyceriden gekataboliseerd in een proces dat bèta-oxidatie wordt genoemd.

De vetzuurketens worden omgezet in acidylgroepen, die vervolgens worden opgepikt door het co-enzym A en het pad door de citroenzuurcyclus toetreden.

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In biologische systemen zijn de meeste metabole routes met elkaar verbonden. De cellulaire ademhalingsprocessen die glucose in ATP omzetten – zoals glycolyse, pyruvaatoxidatie en de citroenzuurcyclus – sluiten aan bij de processen die andere organische verbindingen afbreken. Als gevolg hiervan eindigen verschillende voedingsmiddelen – van appels tot kaas tot guacamole – als ATP. Voedsel bevat naast koolhydraten ook eiwitten en lipiden, zoals cholesterol en vetten. Al deze organische verbindingen worden gebruikt als energiebron om ATP te produceren.

Koolhydraatvertering

Het menselijk lichaam beschikt over verschillende enzymen die koolhydraten afbreken tot eenvoudige suikers. Hoewel glucose rechtstreeks in glycolyse kan worden verwerkt, worden sommige eenvoudige suikers, zoals fructose en galactose, eerst omgezet in tussenproducten van de glycolytische route.

Eiwitvertering

Eiwitten worden door enzymen afgebroken tot hun samenstellende aminozuren, die gewoonlijk worden gerecycled om nieuwe eiwitten te creëren. Als het lichaam echter honger lijdt of een teveel aan aminozuren heeft, kunnen sommige aminozuren hun aminogroepen verliezen en vervolgens in de cellulaire ademhaling terechtkomen. De verloren aminogroepen worden omgezet in ammoniak en opgenomen in afvalproducten. Verschillende aminozuren kunnen op verschillende stadia van de cellulaire ademhaling worden ingevoerd, waaronder glycolyse, pyruvaatoxidatie en de citroenzuurcyclus. Aminozuren kunnen ook worden gesynthetiseerd uit tussenproducten van cellulaire ademhalingsprocessen.

Vetvertering

Lipiden, zoals cholesterol en triglyceriden, algemeen bekend als vetten, kunnen ook worden geproduceerd en afgebroken in cellulaire ademhalingsroutes. Triglyceriden bestaan bijvoorbeeld uit glycerol en drie vetzuren. Gefosforyleerde glycerol wordt verwerkt in glycolyse, terwijl vetzuren in de citroenzuurcyclus terechtkomen na hun omzetting in acetyl-CoA via een reeks reacties die bekend staan als β-oxidatie.

Biochemische energie, in de vorm van ATP, kan worden verkregen uit koolhydraten, eiwitten of lipiden

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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP&#8212;such as ...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

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how food becomes atp

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy.

Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway.

Proteins are digested into amino acids. The body usually recycles these amino acids to build new proteins. If the body is starving or has extra amino acids, some amino acids lose their amino groups and can enter cellular respiration. The lost amino groups become ammonia and are added to waste products. Different amino acids can enter at glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, or the citric acid cycle. Amino acids can also be made from intermediates in cellular respiration.

Lipids also connect to energy production. Triglycerides, or fats, are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. Phosphorylated glycerol enters glycolysis. Fatty acids first go through beta-oxidation, a series of reactions that converts them into acetyl CoA. They then enter the citric acid cycle. In this way, biochemical energy in the form of ATP can come from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

How Food Becomes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enter cellular respiration and help make ATP. Learn how digestion links food molecules to energy.

How Food Becomes ATP | JoVE K12

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BIO1.LS1.3

How Food Becomes ATP

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