Name: mendel’s pea plant inheritance ratios
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:18.443Z
Duration: 1 min 50 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.10

LS.10.c

Monohybrid Crosses

- [Instructeur] Met een erwtenplant verrichtte Gregor Mendel aanvankelijk monohybride kruisingen, kweekexperimenten tussen organismen die verschillen op &#xE9;&#xE9;n kenmerk, zoals de kleur van de peul.
 Bijvoorbeeld, in de oorspronkelijke ouder-generatie, PO, heeft een ouder allemaal groene peulen.
 Zijn genotype is homozygoot voor het allel voor groene peulen, weergegeven als hoofdletter G.
De andere ouder heeft enkel gele peulen en is homozygoot voor het allel voor gele peulen, weergegeven als kleine letter g.
 Bij het kruisen zijn de eerste afstammelingen, de eerste generatie of F1 identiek, en drukken ze hetzelfde groene peulen-fenotype uit.
 Dit resultaat illustreert het principe van uniformiteit en geeft aan dat groen de dominante eigenschap is tussen de twee kleuren.
Wanneer planten van de F1-generatie zichzelf mogen bevruchten, zal hun nageslacht, de F2-planten, er sommige met groene en andere met gele peulen bevatten, in een verhouding van drie tot &#xE9;&#xE9;n wat bevestigt dat geel de recessieve variant is, een verborgen vorm overgedragen van de oorspronkelijke ouders.

monohybride kruisen

<h4>Overzicht</h4>

In de jaren 1850 en 1860 onderzocht Gregor Mendel de overerving door monohybride kruisingen uit te voeren in erwtenplanten. Hij kruiste twee planten die verschilden in bepaalde eigenschappen. Op basis van zijn observaties stelde Mendel voor dat organismen twee exemplaren van elke eigenschap erven, &#xE9;&#xE9;n van elke ouder, en dat dominante eigenschappen recessieve eigenschappen kunnen verbergen. Deze resultaten vormden de basis van twee fundamentele principes in de genetica: het beginsel van uniformiteit en de wet van segregatie.

<h4>Monohybride kruisingen onthullen dominante en recessieve eigenschappen</h4>

Gedurende acht jaar, verspreid over de jaren 1850 en 1860, voerde een Oostenrijkse monnik genaamd Gregor Mendel baanbrekende veredelingsexperimenten uit met erwtenplanten. Deze experimenten demonstreerden de fundamentele principes van overerving, wat hem de bijnaam &#x2018;de vader van de moderne genetica&#x2019; opleverde. De experimenten van Mendel concentreerden zich op zeven eigenschappen van erwtenplanten, die zich elk manifesteren als &#xE9;&#xE9;n van twee kenmerken die worden bepaald door een enkele genlocus.

Mendel merkte op dat wanneer sommige van zijn erwtenplanten zich voortplantten door zelfbevruchting, hun nakomelingen altijd dezelfde eigenschap vertoonden. Met andere woorden, ze waren rasecht. Sommige planten met gele peulen produceerden bijvoorbeeld alleen nakomelingen met gele peulen. Wanneer ze werden gekruist met andere planten die zich voortplantten voor gele peulen, produceerden deze planten ook alleen nakomelingen met gele peulen. Op dezelfde manier observeerde Mendel raszuivere erwtenplanten die alleen nakomelingen met groene peulen voortbrachten.

Destijds werd gedacht dat erfelijke eigenschappen een combinatie van ouderlijke kenmerken waren. Mendel observeerde echter afzonderlijke fenotypes, zoals groene en gele peulen. Hij stelde voor dat, in plaats van dat eigenschappen zich bij het nageslacht vermengen, afzonderlijke factoren (nu bekend als genen) van de ouders worden ge&#xEB;rfd en bij het nageslacht gescheiden blijven. In gevallen waarin een eigenschap een generatie overslaat, stelde Mendel voor dat de zichtbare eigenschap slechts de aanwezigheid van de andere overge&#xEB;rfde eigenschap maskeert. Met andere woorden: overerving is een deeltjesvormig geheel, en dominante eigenschappen verbergen recessieve eigenschappen. Om te bepalen welke eigenschap dominant was, voerde Mendel monohybride kruisingen uit. Monohybride kruisingen combineren twee raszuivere organismen die door &#xE9;&#xE9;n enkel kenmerk van elkaar verschillen. Alle nakomelingen van dergelijke kruisingen zijn monohybriden of heterozygoten en vertonen het dominante kenmerk.

Mendel kruiste bijvoorbeeld erwtenplanten die geschikt waren voor gele peulen met planten die geschikt waren voor groene peulen om de dominante kleur van de peulen te bepalen. Deze oudergeneratie (P0) bracht nakomelingen voort, de eerste generatie van nakomelingen (F1), die allemaal monohybriden waren met groene peulen. Door deze bevindingen herhaaldelijk te observeren, werden groene peulen de dominante eigenschap en werd het uniformiteitsprincipe van Mendel gedemonstreerd: heterozygoten voor een enkele geneigenschap vertonen hetzelfde fenotype.

<h4>Ouderlijke allelen worden willekeurig verdeeld over gameten</h4>

Mendel induceerde vervolgens zelfbevruchting in de F1-planten, waardoor de F2-generatie ontstond. F2-erwtenplanten met groene peulen waren in de minderheid ten opzichte van die met gele peulen, met een verhouding van 3:1. Mendel observeerde herhaaldelijk dit 3:1-overervingspatroon voor elk van de zeven kenmerken van de erwtenplant.

De segregatiewet van Mendel verklaart deze terugkerende verhouding. De wet van segregatie stelt dat een organisme een van zijn twee genkopie&#xEB;n aan elke gameet (eicel of spermacel) distribueert. Belangrijk is dat deze verdeling willekeurig is, zodat het even waarschijnlijk is dat een heterozygoot (Gg) gameten produceert met dominante (G) en recessieve (g) allelen.

Als een heterozygoot zichzelf bevrucht (Gg &#xD7; Gg), kunnen de ouderlijke allelen op vier mogelijke manieren combineren: Vaderlijke G met moederlijke G (GG), Vaderlijke G met moederlijke g (Gg), Vaderlijke g met moederlijke G (Gg), Vaderlijke g met moederlijke g (gg). Drie uitkomsten produceren groene peulen (GG en Gg) en &#xE9;&#xE9;n produceert gele peulen (gg), een verhouding van 3:1. Dus als alle uitkomsten even waarschijnlijk zijn, zullen zelfbevruchtende heterozygoten drie nakomelingen met groene peulen produceren voor iedereen met gele peulen. Dit komt opmerkelijk dicht in de buurt van de fenotypische verhouding die Mendel waarnam, waarmee zijn voorgestelde wet van segregatie werd bevestigd.

<h4>Dominante eigenschappen zijn niet altijd gebruikelijk</h4>

In tegenstelling tot groene peulen zijn groene erwten recessief, terwijl gele erwten dominant zijn. Waarom zijn de erwten die we regelmatig tegenkomen dan groen? Kortom, mensen geven de voorkeur aan groene erwten boven gele. Zoals de experimenten van Mendel aantonen, produceren homozygoten nakomelingen met dezelfde eigenschap, of hetzelfde fenotype, wanneer ze zichzelf bevruchten of kruisen met andere homozygoten. Als boeren gele erwten blijven uitsluiten van hun gewaskruisingen, zullen ze alleen groene erwten blijven produceren. Dit voorbeeld illustreert nog een belangrijk punt: dominante eigenschappen zijn niet noodzakelijkerwijs de meest voorkomende eigenschappen. Er kan bijvoorbeeld tegen schadelijke dominante eigenschappen worden geselecteerd.

Monohybride kruisen

Overview

In the 1850s and 1860s, Gregor Mendel investigated inheritance by performing monohybrid crosses in pea plants. He crossed two plants that were ...

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Biology

Biologie

Genetics

Genetica

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

mendel’s pea plant inheritance ratios

Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study how traits are passed from parents to offspring. His breeding experiments in the 1850s and 1860s showed that inheritance follows clear patterns. He crossed true-breeding plants that differed in one trait and found that dominant traits can hide recessive traits.

Mendel focused on seven pea plant traits, and each trait had two forms controlled by a single gene locus. He noticed that true-breeding plants always produced offspring with the same phenotype, or visible trait. For example, plants with yellow pods produced yellow-pod offspring, and plants with green pods produced green-pod offspring. At a time when many people thought traits blended together, Mendel proposed that traits are inherited as separate units, now called genes.

To test which trait was dominant, Mendel performed monohybrid crosses. A monohybrid cross is a cross between two true-breeding organisms that differ in one trait. The offspring from these crosses are monohybrids, or heterozygotes, and they show the dominant trait. When Mendel crossed pea plants true-breeding for yellow pods with plants true-breeding for green pods, the first filial generation, or F1, all had green pods. These results supported the principle of uniformity, which says that heterozygotes for a single-gene trait have the same phenotype.

Mendel then let the F1 plants self-fertilize to produce the F2 generation. In this generation, green-pod plants outnumbered yellow-pod plants by about 3:1. Mendel saw this same pattern in each of the seven pea traits. He explained the ratio with the law of segregation, which states that an organism gives one of its two gene copies to each gamete, or egg or sperm cell. This distribution is random, so a heterozygote such as Gg makes gametes with either the G or g allele.

If two heterozygotes self-fertilize, as in Gg x Gg, their alleles can combine in four ways: GG, Gg, Gg, and gg. Three of these combinations produce green pods, and one produces yellow pods. That gives the expected 3:1 phenotype ratio seen in the F2 generation. Mendel’s results therefore supported his law of segregation.

Mendel’s pea work also showed that dominant traits are not always the most common traits. In peas, green pods are recessive and yellow pods are dominant, yet people often grow and eat green peas because they prefer them. If farmers keep choosing green peas for breeding, they will keep producing green pods. This example shows that a dominant trait can still be uncommon, and even harmful dominant traits may be selected against.

Mendel’s Pea Plant Inheritance Ratios

genetic lingo

Genotype, Phenotype, and Inheritance

Genotype, phenotype, and inheritance help explain how traits and disease risk are passed from parents to offspring. In diploid organisms, including humans, most other animals, and many plants, somatic cells carry a duplicate set of chromosomes. These chromosome pairs are homologous, with similar length, centromere position, and gene locations. Diploid organisms inherit two versions of each gene, one from each parent. These versions are called alleles, and they sit at the same relative locus,...

punnett squares

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monohybrid crosses

Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study how traits are passed from parents to offspring. His breeding experiments in the 1850s and 1860s showed that inheritance follows clear patterns. He crossed true-breeding plants that differed in one trait and found that dominant traits can hide recessive traits. Mendel focused on seven pea plant traits, and each trait had two forms controlled by a single gene locus. He noticed that true-breeding plants always produced offspring with the same phenotype, or...

dihybrid crosses

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel’s law of independent assortment explains how two traits can be inherited separately. Gregor Mendel tested this idea with pea plants that differed in two characteristics, such as pea color and pea shape. He used true-breeding parents that were homozygous for both traits but showed different phenotypes. In one example, Mendel crossed round, yellow peas with wrinkled, green peas. The parental generation had RRYY and rryy genotypes. Their first-generation offspring were all dihybrids,...

law of segregation

Mendel’s Pea Cross Ratios

Mendel’s pea plant crosses show how traits can disappear in one generation and return in the next. When he crossed plants, one parental trait sometimes seemed to vanish in the F1 generation and reappear in the F2 generation. Mendel used this pattern to explain why some traits are dominant and others are recessive. He proposed that traits are controlled by alleles, which are different versions of a gene. An organism inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. In his model, a...

law of independent assortment

Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross and Trait Ratios

Mendel’s dihybrid cross shows how two traits are inherited at the same time. A dihybrid cross is a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits, and the F1 generation is heterozygous for both traits. Mendel used pea plants with round yellow peas and wrinkled green peas as an example. One parent had genotype YYRR, and the other had genotype yyrr. In the F1 generation, every plant showed the dominant traits, so the plants were YyRr and had yellow, round peas. The F2...

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epistasis

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polygenic traits

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chromosomal theory of inheritance

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Genes map to chromosomes, and this idea explains how Mendel’s inheritance patterns work. Gregor Mendel published his pea plant breeding results in 1866. He showed that physical traits follow predictable patterns. At the time, scientists did not yet know that genes existed. Mendel used the word "factors" for the hereditary units he studied. The details behind Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment were still unknown for many years. In the late 1800s, better microscopes and...

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x-linked traits

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sex-linked disorders

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X- and Y-linked disorders come from mutations in genes on the sex chromosomes. These genes, like those on autosomes, are needed for normal body function. When a mutation causes a biological problem, the condition is called sex-linked. Y-linked disorders come from changes in the Y chromosome. They affect only males, because only males carry a Y chromosome. Mutations in this small chromosome can affect male sexual function and secondary sex characteristics. One example is Y-chromosome...

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Barr bodies and X-chromosome balance help explain how female mammalian cells control gene activity from the X chromosome. The human X chromosome carries far more genes than the Y chromosome. Because males usually have one X chromosome and females have two, females would make twice as many of some proteins without a control system. To prevent that imbalance, female mammalian cells inactivate nearly all the genes on one X chromosome during early embryonic development. The inactive X condenses...

key terms and concepts

Learn how Mendel’s pea plant crosses revealed dominant and recessive traits, the 3:1 F2 ratio, and the laws of uniformity and segregation.

Mendel’s Pea Plant Inheritance Ratios | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

High School

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-1

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-1.

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9-12

SB3.b

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.1

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Mendel’s Pea Plant Inheritance Ratios

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