Name: digestive hormones and stomach control
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:01.422Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Hormonal Regulation

- [Instructeur] Spijsvertering behelst het neuro-endocriene systeem, waarbij de hersenen de spijsverteringshormonen op verschillende momenten in het proces controleren en vrijgeven.
 In de maag tijdens de maagfase, wanneer eiwitten worden gedetecteerd, laten klieren twee hormonen vrij, gastrine en histamine, die de productie van zoutzuur en maagsappen stimuleren, die het voedsel afbreken tot chymus.
 De aankomst van chymus in de twaalfvingerige darm veroorzaakt het vrijgeven van verschillende hormonen die het spijsverteringsproces in de maag afsluiten en het tempo van de beweging van chymus door de rest van het systeem bepalen.
Bijvoorbeeld, Glucoseafhankelijk Insulinotropisch Polypeptide, of GIP, vertraagd het karnen van de maag.
 Secretine en cholecystokinine of CCK induceert vervolgens de sluiting van de sluitspier tussen de maag en de twaalfvingerige darm om het vrijkomen van chymus te beperken.
 Secretine remt ook de productie van maagsap en stimuleert het vrijkomen van bicarbonaten uit de alvleesklier om de zuurgraad van de chymus te neutraliseren en CCK stimuleert spijsverteringsenzymen uit de alvleesklier en gal uit de galblaas.
Ten slotte is peptide YY een hormoon dat vrijkomt door het darmbeen, het einde van de dunne darm, en de dikke darm.
 Het vertraagt de beweging van chymus in de dikke darm, zodat water en elektrolyten gemakkelijk kunnen worden geabsorbeerd.
 Peptide YY is ook een &#x22;ik zit vol&#x22; signaal dat naar de hersenen wordt gestuurd om het eetproces te stoppen.

hormonale regulatie

Hormonen reguleren een aanzienlijk deel van de spijsvertering door activering van het neuro-endocriene systeem. Het neuro-endocriene systeem van de spijsvertering bevat veel verschillende hormonen, allemaal met meerdere functies die zowel direct als indirect betrokken zijn bij de spijsvertering.

Het proces

Beginnend in de maag, wanneer eiwitten worden gedetecteerd door sensorische neuronen van het enterische zenuwstelsel, wordt de pylorus gestimuleerd om gastrine vrij te geven. Dit hormoon induceert op zijn beurt de afgifte van histamine. Gecombineerd initi&#xEB;ren ze de productie van zoutzuur, wat de spijsvertering vergemakkelijkt-en voedsel in chymus verandert. Wanneer de pH van de maag zuurder wordt, stopt een negatieve feedbacklus de productie van beide hormonen.

De chymus verplaatst zich vervolgens naar de twaalfvingerige darm, waar verschillende hormonen vrijkomen-elk met meerdere functies. Sommige remmen de spijsvertering in de maag. Maagremmend peptide (GIP) vertraagt het karnen van de maag. Secretine remt de productie van maagsap en zorgt er, samen met cholecystokinine (CCK), voor dat de pylorussfincter tussen de maag en de twaalfvingerige darm sluit. Dit beperkt het volume van de chyme in de twaalfvingerige darm, waardoor de snelheid van de spijsvertering wordt gestimuleerd.

Zodra de chyme zich in de twaalfvingerige darm bevindt, zorgt secretine ervoor dat er bicarbonaat uit de pancreas vrijkomt. Dit vermindert de zuurgraad van de chymus, beschermt de gevoelige bekleding van de twaalfvingerige darm en cre&#xEB;ert een optimale omgeving waarin spijsverteringsenzymen kunnen functioneren. Spijsverteringsenzymen en gal komen vrij uit de pancreas en de galblaas wanneer ze worden gestimuleerd door CCK, waardoor de spijsvertering door de dunne darm kan doorgaan.

Aan het einde van de dunne darm, in het ileum, komt een ander hormoon vrij: peptide YY (PYY), net op het moment dat de chyme de dikke darm binnengaat. Dit hormoon komt in de loop van de tijd vrij, met een piek ongeveer 1-2 uur na het eten. De functie ervan is om de doorgang van chymus naar de dikke darm te vertragen, zodat water en elektrolyten maximaal kunnen worden opgenomen. Het dient ook als een verzadigingssignaal naar de hersenen, wat het organisme aangeeft te stoppen met eten. PYY kan een rol spelen bij obesitas. Er zijn lage niveaus van PYY waargenomen bij zwaarlijvige personen in vergelijking met niet-zwaarlijvige personen. Een synthetisch analoog van PYY wordt onderzocht als mogelijke behandeling voor obesitas.

Hormonale regulatie

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Genetics

Genetica

Nutrition and Digestion

Voeding en Spijsvertering

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

digestive hormones and stomach control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion.

In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the stomach becomes more acidic, a negative feedback loop stops both hormones.

After chyme enters the duodenum, several hormones are released. Gastric inhibitory peptide, or GIP, slows stomach churning. Secretin lowers gastric juice production and, together with cholecystokinin, or CCK, causes the pyloric sphincter to close between the stomach and duodenum. This limits how much chyme enters the duodenum and helps pace digestion.

Secretin also prompts the pancreas to release bicarbonate. Bicarbonate reduces the acidity of the chyme. This protects the lining of the duodenum and creates the right conditions for digestive enzymes to work. CCK also stimulates the pancreas and gallbladder to release digestive enzymes and bile, so digestion can continue through the small intestine.

Near the end of the small intestine, in the ileum, peptide YY, or PYY, is released as chyme moves toward the large intestine. PYY rises over time and peaks about 1 to 2 hours after eating. It slows chyme movement so water and electrolytes can be absorbed. It also sends a satiety signal to the brain, which helps tell the body to stop eating. Low PYY levels have been seen in obese compared with non-obese individuals, and a synthetic PYY analog is being studied as a possible obesity treatment.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

Small and Large Intestine Functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, and PYY control acid release, enzyme action, and satiety as food moves through the digestive tract.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

9-12.HA.1.10.b

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.46

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9-12.HA.1.3.a

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9-12.HA.1.4.b

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Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

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