Name: atp powers cellular work
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-4

Coupled Reactions

Energy coupling occurs when a highly exergonic reaction powers an endergonic reaction. The combined reaction is called a coupled reaction.
Cells use coupled reactions to perform different processes, including biosynthesis, active transport of ions, and mechanical work. Hydrolysis of ATP is a frequently coupled exergonic reaction for powering biological processes.
For example, the endergonic reaction between glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine is coupled with the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate.
The net free energy change for the coupled reaction is the sum of the individual free energy changes. Because of the large negative &#916;G for the ATP hydrolysis, the total standard free energy change is negative 16.3 kJ/mol, and the reaction can proceed.
Coupled biosynthesis reactions often share a common unstable intermediate. In the biosynthesis of glutamine, the transfer of phosphate from ATP to glutamate forms the intermediate glutamyl phosphate, which then reacts with ammonia to form glutamine.

gekoppelde reacties

Cellulaire processen zoals het bouwen en afbreken van complexe moleculen vinden plaats door middel van stapsgewijze chemische reacties. Sommige van deze chemische reacties zijn spontaan en geven energie vrij, terwijl andere energie nodig hebben om te verlopen. Cellen koppelen vaak de energievrijgevende reactie aan de energievereiste om belangrijke celfuncties uit te voeren.

Energie in adenosinetrifosfaat of ATP-moleculen is gemakkelijk toegankelijk om werk te doen. ATP drijft de meerderheid van de energieverslindende cellulaire reacties aan. Cellen koppelen de ATP-hydrolyse aan endergonische reacties waardoor ze kunnen plaatsvinden. Een voorbeeld van energiekoppeling met behulp van ATP betreft een transmembraanionenpomp die uiterst belangrijk is voor de cellulaire functie. Deze natrium-kaliumpomp (Na^+/K^+-pomp) drijft natrium uit de cel en kalium de cel in. Een groot percentage van de ATP van een cel drijft deze pomp aan, omdat cellulaire processen een aanzienlijke hoeveelheid natrium in de cel brengen en kalium eruit. De pomp werkt voortdurend om de cellulaire concentraties natrium en kalium te stabiliseren.

Vaak moeten bepaalde moleculen tijdens cellulaire metabolische reacties, zoals de synthese en afbraak van voedingsstoffen, enigszins in hun conformatie veranderen om substraten te worden voor de volgende stap in de reactiereeks. Een voorbeeld is tijdens de allereerste stappen van cellulaire ademhaling, wanneer een suikerglucosemolecuul afbreekt tijdens de glycolyse. In de eerste stap is ATP nodig om glucose te fosforyleren, waardoor een energierijk maar onstabiel tussenproduct ontstaat. Deze fosforyleringsreactie zorgt voor een conformationele verandering waardoor het gefosforyleerde glucosemolecuul kan worden omgezet in de gefosforyleerde suikerfructose. Fructose is een noodzakelijk tussenproduct voor de voortgang van de glycolyse. Hier gaat de exergonische reactie van ATP-hydrolyse gepaard met de endergonische reactie van het omzetten van glucose in een gefosforyleerd tussenproduct in de route. Opnieuw werd de energie die vrijkwam bij het verbreken van een fosfaatbinding binnen ATP gebruikt voor het fosforyleren van een ander molecuul, waardoor een onstabiel tussenproduct ontstond en een belangrijke conformationele verandering werd aangestuurd.

Gekoppelde reacties

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Celbiologie

Unit 1

Eenheid 1

Energy and Catalysis

Energie en Katalyse

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

atp powers cellular work

ATP powers many kinds of cellular work by coupling energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring ones. Some reactions happen on their own and release energy. Others need an energy input to move forward. Cells link these reactions so important processes can still occur.

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, stores energy that cells can use quickly. ATP hydrolysis is the breaking of ATP, and it releases energy. Cells often use that released energy to drive endergonic reactions, which are reactions that require energy. This coupling helps cells carry out most energy-requiring reactions.

One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, or Na+/K+ pump. This transmembrane ion pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. Many cell processes bring sodium in and potassium out, so a large share of cellular ATP is used to keep these ion levels stable. The pump works constantly to support cell function.

ATP also helps reactions in metabolism, including the first steps of glycolysis, which is part of cellular respiration. In the first step, ATP phosphorylates glucose by adding a phosphate group. This creates a high-energy but unstable intermediate. The phosphorylation causes a conformational change, or shape change, that lets the molecule continue through the pathway.

That shape change allows the phosphorylated glucose to become phosphorylated fructose, which is needed for glycolysis to proceed. Here again, the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is paired with an endergonic reaction in the pathway. The energy released from breaking a phosphate bond in ATP is used to phosphorylate another molecule and keep the reaction series moving forward.

ATP Powers Cellular Work

the first law of thermodynamics

Energy Changes in Cells and Matter

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Gibbs Free Energy and Reaction Work

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Cell Reactions That Release or Store Energy

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How Enzymes Change Shape to Catalyze

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atp energy storage and release

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat. Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital...

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coupled reactions

ATP powers many kinds of cellular work by coupling energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring ones. Some reactions happen on their own and release energy. Others need an energy input to move forward. Cells link these reactions so important processes can still occur. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, stores energy that cells can use quickly. ATP hydrolysis is the breaking of ATP, and it releases energy. Cells often use that released energy to drive endergonic reactions, which are reactions...

key terms and concepts

See how ATP drives cellular work through energy coupling, from the sodium-potassium pump to glucose phosphorylation in glycolysis.

ATP Powers Cellular Work | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

HS-PS1-5

Florida Department of Education

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SC.912.L.18

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Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

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BIO.11.B

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HS-PS1-1

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Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

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HS-PS1-2

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HS-PS1-3

ATP Powers Cellular Work

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