Name: homeostasis and negative feedback
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

What is Homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the body&#39;s ability to maintain stable internal conditions in response to the changing external environment.
For example, when it is warm outside, a person&#39;s body temperature may begin to rise, and the body must react to counteract the increase.
Receptors, control centers, and effectors coordinate the necessary physiological changes to respond to a variable.
In the case of an increase in body temperature, thermoreceptors on skin cells detect the elevated temperature and relay the message through nerve impulses to the brain, the control center.
The brain compares the stimulus with a set point&#8212; the physiological range of the variable. The set point for a normal human body temperature is approximately 37&#176;C.
When the body temperature exceeds the set point, the brain signals the effectors, the sweat glands, to produce sweat. Evaporation of the sweat cools down the body.
Once the body temperature returns to the set point, the receptors send feedback to the brain to reduce sweat production, ensuring homeostasis is maintained.

wat is homeostase?

Het handhaven van homeostase vereist dat het lichaam voortdurend zijn interne omstandigheden in stand houdt. Elke fysiologische toestand heeft een bepaald instelpunt, van lichaamstemperatuur tot bloeddruk tot niveaus van bepaalde voedingsstoffen. Een instelpunt is de fysiologische waarde rond welke het normale bereik fluctueert. Een normaal bereik is een beperkte set waarden die optimaal gezond en stabiel zijn. Bijvoorbeeld, het instelpunt voor de normale menselijke lichaamstemperatuur is ongeveer 37°C (98,6°F). Fysiologische parameters, zoals lichaamstemperatuur en bloeddruk, fluctueren meestal binnen een normaal bereik van enkele graden boven en onder dat punt. Regelcentra in de hersenen en andere delen van het lichaam bewaken en reageren op afwijkingen van de homeostase door middel van negatieve feedback. Negatieve feedback is een mechanisme dat een afwijking van het instelpunt omkeert, waardoor de lichaamsparameters binnen hun normale bereik blijven. Dit proces vindt voortdurend in het hele lichaam plaats, waardoor het begrip van negatieve feedback fundamenteel is voor het begrijpen van de menselijke fysiologie.

Een sensor, ook receptor genoemd, is een onderdeel van een feedbacksysteem dat een fysiologische waarde meet en rapporteert aan het regelcentrum. Het regelcentrum vergelijkt de gemeten waarde met het normale bereik en activeert een effector als de waarde te ver afwijkt van het instelpunt. Een effector is een onderdeel van het feedbacksysteem dat een verandering teweegbrengt om de situatie om te keren en de waarde terug te brengen naar het normale bereik.

Bijvoorbeeld, om het systeem in werking te stellen, moet een stimulus een fysiologische parameter buiten het normale bereik drijven. Deze stimulus wordt gedetecteerd door een specifieke sensor. In de regulatie van de bloedglucosespiegel detecteren specifieke endocriene cellen in de alvleesklier een overschot aan glucose in de bloedbaan. Deze pancreas bètacellen reageren op het verhoogde bloedglucosegehalte door het hormoon insuline af te geven. Insuline signaleert aan skeletspiervezels, vetcellen (adipocyten) en levercellen om de overtollige glucose op te nemen, waardoor het uit de bloedbaan wordt verwijderd. Naarmate de glucosespiegel in de bloedbaan daalt, wordt deze daling — de feitelijke negatieve feedback — gedetecteerd door pancreas alphacellen, waarna de insulineafgifte stopt. Dit voorkomt dat de bloedsuikerspiegel onder het normale bereik blijft dalen.

Deze tekst is aangepast van <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.5: </a> Homeostasis

Wat is homeostase?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomie en fysiologie

Unit 1

Introduction to the Human Body

Inleiding tot het menselijk lichaam

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

homeostasis and negative feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range.

Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis. This process reverses a change that moves a body value away from its set point. Control centers in the brain and other body parts monitor these changes and respond when conditions drift too far. Because this happens throughout the body all the time, negative feedback is a key idea in human physiology.

A feedback system has three main parts: a sensor, a control center, and an effector. A sensor, also called a receptor, watches a physiological value and sends that information to the control center. The control center compares the value with the normal range. If the value moves too far from the set point, the control center activates an effector. The effector causes a change that brings the value back toward normal.

Blood glucose control shows how this works. When blood sugar rises too high, pancreatic beta cells detect the excess glucose in the bloodstream. These endocrine cells release insulin into the blood. Insulin tells skeletal muscle fibers, fat cells, and liver cells to take up the extra glucose, which removes it from the bloodstream. As glucose levels fall, pancreatic alpha cells detect the drop, and insulin release stops. This keeps blood sugar from falling below the normal range.

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

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what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

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homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

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key terms and concepts

Learn how homeostasis stays stable through negative feedback, set points, sensors, control centers, and the insulin response to blood glucose.

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback | JoVE K12

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Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

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B-LS1-3.

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Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

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