Name: electron transfer in redox
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:00.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

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ESS.EES.3.1

Redox Reactions

Niektóre procesy, które są niezbędne do życia, w tym fotosynteza, spalanie i korozja, należą do klasy reakcji zwanych reakcjami utleniania-redukcji lub redoks.
Reakcje redoks składają się z dwóch jednoczesnych procesów: utleniania i redukcji.
Utlenianie i redukcja są procesami uzupełniającymi. W reakcji redoks między dwoma reagentami jeden reagent traci elektrony i jest utleniany, podczas gdy drugi reagent zyskuje elektrony i jest redukowany.
Rozważmy reakcję utleniania-redukcji między potasem a chlorem.
Obojętny atom potasu traci elektron, aby stać się jonem potasu. Potas ulega utlenieniu, a jego ładunek wzrasta od zera w atomie obojętnym do jednego plus w kationie.
Obojętny atom chloru zyskuje elektron i staje się jonem chlorkowym. Chlor ulega redukcji, a jego ładunek zmniejsza się od zera w atomie obojętnym do jednego minusa w anionie.
Ponieważ potas oddaje elektron, jest środkiem redukującym lub reduktorem. Chlor przyjmuje elektron, więc jest środkiem utleniającym lub utleniaczem. Proces redoks prowadzi do powstania chlorku potasu.

Flowers, P., Theopold, K., Langley, R., Robinson, WR, Clark, MA, Douglas, M., Choi, J. Sekcja 4.2: Klasyfikacja reakcji chemicznych. W Chemii 2e. Protokół OpenStax. Houston, Teksas (2019).

reakcje redoks

Reakcje redukcji utleniania lub redoks obejmują przeniesienie elektronów z jednej cząsteczki lub atomu na drugą. Kiedy atom zyskuje elektron, inny atom musi go stracić, co oznacza, że utlenianie i redukcja muszą zachodzić razem. Ponieważ reakcja redoks występuje parami, atom, który ulega utlenieniu, nazywany jest również środkiem redukującym lub reduktorem, a atom, który ulega redukcji, nazywany jest również środkiem utleniającym lub utleniaczem. Prostym sposobem na zapamiętanie definicji utleniania i redukcji jest wyrażenie w języku angielskim OIL-RIG, które oznacza: Oxidation Is Losing– Reduction Is Gaining (elektrony).  

Stany utlenienia

Reakcja redoks zmienia stany utlenienia atomu. Stopień lub liczba utlenienia odnosi się do ładunku, jaki miałby atom, gdyby każde z jego wiązań z innymi pierwiastkami było czysto jonowe. Ustalenie, czy zachodzą zmiany stopnia utlenienia atomów w jednym lub większej liczbie reagentów, może pomóc w ustaleniu, czy dana reakcja jest reakcją utleniania-redukcji.

W reakcji sodu i chloru, w wyniku której powstaje chlorek sodu, sód ulega utlenieniu, a chlor ulega redukcji,

<img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10671/Equation_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 13px;" />

Pomocne jest patrzenie na proces, który zachodzi w przypadku każdego reagenta osobno, to znaczy, przedstawienie losu każdego reagenta w postaci równania zwanego półreakcją:

<img alt="Equation2" src="/files/ftp_upload/10671/Equation_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 13px;" />

<img alt="Equation3" src="/files/ftp_upload/10671/Equation_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 13px;" />

Równania te pokazują, że atomy Na tracą elektrony, przechodząc od stopnia utlenienia od 0 do 1+, podczas gdy atomy Cl (w cząsteczce Cl2) zyskują elektrony, przechodząc od stopnia utlenienia od 0 do 1-.

Niekompletny transfer elektronów

Reakcja redoks może wystąpić nie tylko wtedy, gdy elektron zostanie przeniesiony, ale także wtedy, gdy nastąpi zmiana w podziale elektronów w wiązaniu kowalencyjnym. Na przykład metan i tlen mogą reagować, tworząc dwutlenek węgla i wodę. Elektrony w metanie dzielą się równo pomiędzy węglem i wodorem, ale węgiel w dwutlenku węgla jest częściowo dodatni, ponieważ tlen przyciąga elektrony bardziej niż węgiel. Dwutlenek węgla traci elektrony, utleniając się, a tlen zyskuje elektrony i ulega redukcji.



Ten tekst pochodzi z <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/4-2-classifying-chemical-reactions">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 4.2: Classifying Chemical Reactions.</a>

Reakcje redoks

Reakcje utleniania-redukcji lub redoks polegają na przenoszeniu elektronów z jednej cząsteczki lub atomu na drugą. Kiedy atom zyskuje elektron, inny ...

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electron transfer in redox

Redox reactions are chemical reactions that involve electron transfer between atoms or molecules. When one particle gains electrons, another must lose them at the same time. That is why oxidation and reduction always happen together.

The two roles in a redox reaction are linked. The atom that is oxidized acts as the reducing agent, or reductant. The atom that is reduced acts as the oxidizing agent, or oxidant. A simple way to remember the ideas is OIL-RIG, which means oxidation is losing electrons and reduction is gaining electrons.

Redox reactions also change oxidation states, or oxidation numbers. An oxidation state is the charge an atom would have if all of its bonds were purely ionic. Checking whether oxidation numbers change in the reactants can help identify a redox reaction.

A sodium and chlorine reaction makes this idea clear. Sodium is oxidized, and chlorine is reduced to form sodium chloride. The process can be shown with half-reactions, which separate the fate of each reactant. In these equations, sodium goes from an oxidation number of 0 to 1+, while chlorine in Cl2 goes from 0 to 1-.

Electron transfer is not always complete. A redox reaction can also happen when the sharing of electrons changes in a covalent bond. Methane and oxygen can react to form carbon dioxide and water. In methane, electrons are shared equally between carbon and hydrogen, but in carbon dioxide the carbon is partially positive because oxygen pulls electrons more strongly. In that reaction, carbon dioxide is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

Electron Transfer in Redox

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Learn how redox reactions move electrons, change oxidation states, and use half-reactions to track sodium, chlorine, methane, and oxygen.

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Electron Transfer in Redox

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