Name: how food becomes atp
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Dietary Connections

Glukoza, choć jest prostym źródłem energii, nie jest powszechna w diecie ludzi i innych zwierząt. Tak więc większość energii uzyskują z trawienia węglowodanów, takich jak disacharydy i polisacharydy, białka i lipidy.Polisacharyd, taki jak glikogen, łańcuch kilku cząsteczek glukozy, jest najpierw hydrolizowany do glukozy i wprowadzany do glikolizy w celu wytworzenia pirogronianu i cząsteczek o wysokiej energii.Disacharyd, taki jak sacharoza — cukier znajdujący się w większości owoców i warzyw, jest rozkładany na dwa prostsze cukry, fruktozę i glukozę, a następnie oba są katabolizowane w szlaku glikolitycznego.Białka są najpierw rozkładane na aminokwasy składowe. Podczas gdy większość aminokwasów jest poddawana recyklingowi w celu budowy nowych białek, inne mogą ulegać deaminacji i wchodzić w cykl glikolizy i kwasu cytrynowego na różnych etapach.Lipidy, podobnie jak trójglicerydy, są katabolizowane do glicerolu i kwasów tłuszczowych. Składnik glicerolu jest przekształcany w formę ufosforylowaną, która może wejść w glikolizę. Podczas gdy łańcuchy kwasów tłuszczowych są przekształcane przez beta-oksydację do acetylo-CoA, który następnie wchodzi w cykl kwasu cytrynowego.

powiązania dietetyczne

W układach biologicznych większość szlaków metabolicznych jest ze sobą połączona. Procesy oddychania komórkowego przekształcające glukozę w ATP—takie jak glikoliza, utlenianie pirogronianu i cykl kwasu cytrynowego#8212; łączą się z procesami rozkładającymi inne związki organiczne. W rezultacie różne produkty spożywcze — od jabłek po sery i guacamole — trafiają do ATP. Oprócz węglowodanów żywność zawiera także białka i lipidy— takie jak cholesterol i tłuszcze. Wszystkie te związki organiczne są wykorzystywane jako źródła energii do produkcji ATP.

Trawienie węglowodanów

Organizm ludzki posiada kilka enzymów rozkładających węglowodany na cukry proste. Chociaż glukoza może bezpośrednio przejść do glikolizy, niektóre cukry proste, takie jak fruktoza i galaktoza, są najpierw przekształcane w cukry będące produktami pośrednimi szlaku glikolizy.

Trawienie białek

Białka są rozkładane przez enzymy na aminokwasy składowe, które zwykle są poddawane recyklingowi w celu utworzenia nowych białek. Jeśli jednak organizm głoduje lub ma nadmiar aminokwasów, niektóre aminokwasy mogą stracić swoje grupy aminowe i następnie wejść do oddychania komórkowego. Utracone grupy aminowe są przekształcane w amoniak i włączane do produktów odpadowych. Różne aminokwasy wchodzą do oddychania komórkowego na różnych etapach, w tym glikolizy, utleniania pirogronianu i cyklu kwasu cytrynowego. Aminokwasy mogą być również wytwarzane ze związków pośrednich w procesach oddychania komórkowego.

Trawienie tłuszczów

Lipidy, takie jak cholesterol i trójglicerydy, powszechnie znane jako tłuszcze, mogą być również wytwarzane i rozkładane w szlakach oddychania komórkowego. Na przykład trójglicerydy składają się z gliceryny i trzech kwasów tłuszczowych. Fosforylowany glicerol wchodzi do glikolizy. Kwasy tłuszczowe wchodzą do cyklu kwasu cytrynowego po przekształceniu w acetylo-CoA w wyniku szeregu reakcji zwanych beta-utlenianiem.

Energię biochemiczną w postaci ATP można uzyskać z węglowodanów, białek lub lipidów.

Powiązania dietetyczne

W systemach biologicznych większość szlaków metabolicznych jest ze sobą połączona. Procesy oddychania komórkowego, które przekształcają glukozę w ATP - takie jak ...

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how food becomes atp

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy.

Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway.

Proteins are digested into amino acids. The body usually recycles these amino acids to build new proteins. If the body is starving or has extra amino acids, some amino acids lose their amino groups and can enter cellular respiration. The lost amino groups become ammonia and are added to waste products. Different amino acids can enter at glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, or the citric acid cycle. Amino acids can also be made from intermediates in cellular respiration.

Lipids also connect to energy production. Triglycerides, or fats, are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. Phosphorylated glycerol enters glycolysis. Fatty acids first go through beta-oxidation, a series of reactions that converts them into acetyl CoA. They then enter the citric acid cycle. In this way, biochemical energy in the form of ATP can come from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

How Food Becomes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enter cellular respiration and help make ATP. Learn how digestion links food molecules to energy.

How Food Becomes ATP | JoVE K12

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Compare and contrast existing models, identify patterns, and use structural and functional evidence to analyze the characteristics of life. Engage in argument about the designation of viruses as non-living based on these characteristics.
EXPLANATION: Students begin to develop patterns of living and non-living organisms in kindergarten and build on detailed characteristics of different classifications of living organisms throughout elementary and middle school. Biology 1 discussions introduce viral particles and viral cycles, building on student understanding of living organisms to engage in an argument regarding the classification of a viral particle as either living or non-living.

BIO1.LS1.1

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Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures.
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BIO1.LS1.2

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Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Integrate evidence to develop a structural model of a DNA molecule. Using the model, develop and communicate an explanation for how DNA serves as a template for self-replication and encodes biological information.
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BIO1.LS1.3

How Food Becomes ATP

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