Name: small and large intestine functions
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Anatomy of the Intestines

Jelito cienkie i grube są odpowiedzialne za wchłanianie składników odżywczych i wody.
Podczas gdy jelito cienkie jest dość wąskie, narząd ma około 22 stóp długości i jest zagęszczony w jamie brzusznej. Treść pokarmowa najpierw dociera do dwunastnicy, a następnie przemieszcza się do środkowej części, jelita czczego.
Tutaj wewnętrzna wyściółka zawiera fałdy błony śluzowej, które są pokryte kosmkami przypominającymi palce. Warstwa leżąca nad komórkami nabłonkowymi ma cytoplazmatyczne przedłużenia zwane mikrokosmkami. Te trzy struktury zwiększają powierzchnię jelita cienkiego, aby zapewnić optymalne wchłanianie składników odżywczych.
Na końcu jelita cienkiego znajduje się jelito kręte, które przyczepia się do jelita grubego za pomocą zastawki krętniczo-kątniczej. W pierwszej części jelita grubego, jelicie ślepym, nie ma fałdów ani kosmków.
Na dnie jelita ślepego zwisa wyrostek robaczkowy, mała struktura limfatyczna. Powyżej zaczyna się okrężnica wstępująca, a następnie okrężnica poprzeczna, która wchłania większość pozostałej wody i elektrolitów, zamieniając treść pokarmową w kał. Ostatnie obszary, okrężnica zstępująca, esica i odbytnica, przechowują kał do czasu eliminacji przez odbyt.

Javitt, Norman B. "Historia powstawania żółci wątrobowej: stare problemy, nowe podejścia". Postępy w Edukacji Fizjologii 38, nr 4 (1 grudnia 2014): 279–85. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00076.2014">Źródło</a>]
Shetty, Sudarshan A., Floor Hugenholtz, Leo Lahti, Hauke Smidt i Willem M. de Vos. "Architektura krajobrazu mikrobiomu jelitowego: wgląd w zbiorowisko społeczności i implikacje dla strategii modulacji mikrobiologicznej". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 41, nr 2 (marzec 2017): 182–99. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw045" target="__blank">Źródło</a>]
Wen, Li i Andrew Duffy. "Czynniki wpływające na mikrobiotę jelitową, stan zapalny i cukrzycę typu 2". The Journal of Nutrition 147, nr 7 (lipiec 2017): 1468S-1475S. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.240754" target="__blank">Źródło</a>]

anatomia jelit

Chociaż trawienie białek, węglowodanów i lipidów może rozpocząć się w żołądku, kończy się ono w jelicie. Wchłanianie składników odżywczych, wody i elektrolitów z pożywienia i napojów zachodzi również w jelitach. Jelita można podzielić na dwa strukturalnie odrębne narządy — jelito cienkie i grube.

<h4>Jelita cienkie</h4>

Jelito cienkie to rurka o długości około 7 metrów i średnicy wewnętrznej wynoszącej zaledwie 2,5 cm. Ponieważ większość składników odżywczych jest tutaj wchłaniana, wewnętrzna wyściółka jelita cienkiego jest bardzo pofałdowana i pokryta przypominającymi palce wypustkami, zwanymi kosmkami, z których każdy zawiera setki mikrokosmków. Fałdy, kosmki i mikrokosmki jelita cienkiego zwiększają powierzchnię wchłaniania 60 do 120 razy. Zwiększona powierzchnia zapewnia duże możliwości wchłaniania składników odżywczych.

Jelito cienkie łączy się z żołądkiem za pomocą zwieracza odźwiernika, który zamyka się, gdy treść pokarmowa przedostaje się do dwunastnicy—(początek jelita cienkiego). Środkową częścią jelita cienkiego jest jelito czcze. Jelito kręte kończy się jelitem cienkim, gdzie łączy się z jelitem grubym za pomocą zastawki krętniczo-kątniczej.

<h4>Jelita grube</h4>

Jelito grube zaczyna się od jelita ślepego. Wyrostek robaczkowy, mała struktura limfatyczna, zwisa z dna jelita ślepego. Nad jelitem ślepym rozpoczyna się okrężnica wstępująca, po której następuje okrężnica poprzeczna. Absorbują większość pozostałej wody i elektrolitów z treści pokarmowej, zamieniając ją w kał. Okrężnica zstępująca, esica i odbytnica przechowują kał aż do jego wydalenia przez odbyt.

Ogółem jelito grube ma około 1,5 m długości i wewnętrzną średnicę 4,8 cm. Nie zawiera fałd i kosmków, ale chłonne komórki nabłonkowe mają mikrokosmki. Jelito grube jest domem dla ekosystemu bakteryjnego, który wykonuje końcowe etapy trawienia — rozkładając celulozę i błonnik, czyli związki, do których przetwarzania żołądek i jelito cienkie nie są w stanie.

<h4>Różnorodność bakteryjna</h4>

Jelito grube zawiera ponad 700 różnych gatunków bakterii. Uważa się, że różnorodność bakteryjna jest powiązana z otyłością i rozwojem cukrzycy typu 2. Osoby otyłe mają mniej szczepów bakteryjnych niż ich zdrowi odpowiednicy. Niska różnorodność bakterii jest również powiązana z insulinoopornością. Jelitowy ekosystem bakteryjny — biom jelitowy — kształtuje się wkrótce po urodzeniu, a biom jelit u dzieci karmionych piersią rozwija się z bakterii obecnych w mleku matki. Po urodzeniu biom kształtowany jest przez genetykę, dietę, wiek, płeć i układ odpornościowy jednostki. Czynniki zewnętrzne, takie jak dieta, stan zdrowia, leki i położenie geograficzne, również znacząco wpływają na złożoność biomu jelitowego.

Anatomia jelit

Chociaż trawienie białek, węglowodanów i lipidów może rozpocząć się w żołądku, kończy się w jelicie. Wchłanianie składników odżywczych, wody, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Human Biology

Biologia człowieka

Nutrition and Digestion

Żywienie i trawienie

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

small and large intestine functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination.

The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of microvilli, and the folds, villi, and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption by 60 to 120 times.

The small intestine connects to the stomach through the pyloric sphincter. When chyme moves into the duodenum, which is the start of the small intestine, this sphincter closes off. The middle section is the jejunum, and the ileum is the final part. The ileum joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.

The large intestine begins at the cecum. The appendix, a small lymphatic structure, hangs from the bottom of the cecum. Above it are the ascending colon and then the transverse colon. These sections absorb most of the remaining water and electrolytes from chyme and help turn it into feces.

The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum store feces until they leave the body through the anus. The large intestine is about 1.5 m long and has an inner diameter of 4.8 cm. Unlike the small intestine, it does not have folds or villi, although its absorptive epithelial cells do have microvilli.

The large intestine also supports a bacterial ecosystem that carries out the final stages of digestion. These bacteria can break down cellulose and fiber, which the stomach and small intestine are not well equipped to process. The large intestine contains over 700 different species of bacteria, and this diversity may be linked to obesity and Type 2 diabetes. People with obesity tend to have fewer bacterial strains than people who are not obese, and low diversity has also been associated with insulin resistance.

The gut biome is established shortly after birth. Babies who are breastfed develop it from bacteria present in breast milk. After birth, genetics, diet, age, sex, and the immune system help shape the biome. External factors such as diet, health status, medications, and geographical location also affect how complex the gut biome becomes.

Small and Large Intestine Functions

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the small and large intestines absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes, and learn how gut bacteria help finish digestion in high school biology.

Small and Large Intestine Functions | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

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HS-LS1-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.45

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1. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how differences in cellular structure (mitochondria, cytoskeletal structure, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane) lead to differences in the function and organization of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous).

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

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2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how the structures of the integumentary system and its accessory organs contribute to its function. Examples: how the layers of the skin contribute to homeostasis, the role of glands in thermoregulation and in hydration of skin and mucous membranes, the protective functions of hair and nails

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a. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the integumentary system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain how changes in vessel diameter and evaporation of water over the skin contribute to thermoregulation (cardiovascular). Explain how sweat is used to excrete nitrogenous waste from the blood (cardiovascular). Explain how the skin and mucous membranes create a barrier against infection (immune system).

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3. Develop and use a model to illustrate how the structures of the skeletal system contribute to its function. Examples: Create a diagram or 3D model to illustrate bone shape, joint types, and bones in the appendicular and axial skeletons. Use models to illustrate the role of the skeletal system in movements around joints, support of a body structure, and protection of soft tissues.

9-12.HA.1.3

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a. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information describing the growth and development of the skeletal system.

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b. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the skeletal system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain the role of spongy bone in hematopoiesis (cardiovascular system) and leukopoiesis (immune system). Explain how the storage of minerals in bone contributes to homeostasis.

9-12.HA.1.3.b

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4. Develop and build a three-dimensional model to illustrate the structures of the muscular system, including muscle locations, origins, and insertions, and explain their roles in movement and support. Example: Design and build a model of a lever to illustrate the relationship between bones and muscles and explain their roles in body movement and support.

9-12.HA.1.4

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a. Model the cellular physiology of skeletal muscle, including how the cell functions in muscle contraction and relaxation. Example: Use straws and paper to create a model of a sarcomere to illustrate how the fibers move during contraction and relaxation.

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b. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain muscle fatigue and tone in terms of muscle cell physiology.

9-12.HA.1.4.b

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5. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information explaining the relationship between the structures and functions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

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9-12.HA.1.5.a

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b. Construct an explanation of the role of reflex arcs, the central nervous system, and special senses in the response to stimuli to maintain homeostasis and guide behavior. Example: smelling a strong odor initiating a sneeze response using a reflex arc; pupil diameter changing in relation to the amount of light entering the eye Clarification: Discussion of the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs is not required.

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c. Construct an explanation of the role of neurotransmitters in the functions and behavior of the nervous system. Clarification: Discussion of classes of neurotransmitters is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.c

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d. Obtain, evaluate, and summarize scientific findings regarding the biological origin of emotions and memories in distinct regions of the brain. Examples: the role of the frontal lobe in emotional regulation, the regulation of fear response by the amygdala

9-12.HA.1.5.d

Small and Large Intestine Functions

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