Name: how cellular respiration makes atp
Uploaded: 2019-08-01T09:24:07.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.4

LS.4.b

ATP Yield

Całkowite utlenienie jednej cząsteczki glukozy daje od 30 do 32 cząsteczek ATP.
Rozpoczyna się od glikolizy, w wyniku której powstają dwa ATP i dwa NADH, po czym następuje utlenianie pirogronianu, w wyniku czego powstają dwa NADH.
Następnie cykl kwasu cytrynowego daje sześć NADH, dwa FADH2s i dwa ATP.
Cząsteczki NADH i FADH2 są utleniane w łańcuchu transportu elektronów w celu wytworzenia 26 lub 28 ATP.
Ten zakres ATP jest przybliżony z trzech powodów. Po pierwsze, nośniki elektronów pośrednio wytwarzają ATP poprzez pompowanie jonów wodorowych do przestrzeni międzybłonowej, wytwarzając teoretyczne frakcje cząsteczek 2,5 i 1,5 ATP.
Po drugie, NADH wytwarzany w glikolizie nie może przejść przez błonę mitochondrialną. Tak więc elektrony o wysokiej energii są przenoszone do innych nośników elektronów w mitochondriach i, w zależności od typu komórki, wytwarzają FADH2 lub NADH, dając 1,5 lub 2,5 ATP.
Po trzecie, energia wytwarzana przez oddychanie jest również wykorzystywana do zasilania innych czynności, takich jak transport pirogronianu przez błonę mitochondrialną.

wydajność atp

Oddychanie komórkowe wytwarza 30–32 ATP na cząsteczkę glukozy. Chociaż większość ATP powstaje w wyniku fosforylacji oksydacyjnej i łańcucha transportu elektronów (ETC), 4 ATP uzyskuje się wcześniej (2 z glikolizy i 2 z cyklu kwasu cytrynowego).

ETC jest osadzony w wewnętrznej błonie mitochondrialnej i składa się z czterech głównych kompleksów białkowych i syntazy ATP. NADH i FADH2 przekazują elektrony tym kompleksom, które pompują protony do przestrzeni międzybłonowej. Ten rozkład protonów generuje gradient stężeń w poprzek membrany. Gradient napędza produkcję ATP, gdy protony wracają do macierzy mitochondrialnej poprzez syntazę ATP.

Na każde dwa elektrony, które NADH przechodzi przez kompleks I, pompowanych jest łącznie 10 protonów: kompleks I i kompleks III pompują po 4 protony, podczas gdy kompleks IV pompuje 2 protony. Kompleks II nie bierze udziału w łańcuchu elektronowym inicjowanym przez NADH. Jednakże FADH2 przekazuje 2 elektrony do kompleksu II, więc łącznie 6 protonów jest pompowanych na FADH2 (4 protony przez kompleks III i 2 protony przez kompleks IV).

Do syntezy 1 ATP potrzebne są cztery protony. Ponieważ na każdy NADH pompowanych jest 10 protonów, 1 NADH daje 2,5 (10/4) ATP. Na każdy FADH2 pompowanych jest sześć protonów, więc 1 FADH2 daje 1,5 (6/4) ATP.

Oddychanie komórkowe wytwarza maksymalnie 10 NADH i 2 FADH2 na cząsteczkę glukozy. Ponieważ pojedynczy NADH wytwarza 2,5 ATP, a pojedynczy FADH2 wytwarza 1,5 ATP, w wyniku fosforylacji oksydacyjnej powstaje 25 ATP + 3 ATP. Przed fosforylacją oksydacyjną powstają cztery ATP, co daje maksymalnie 32 ATP na cząsteczkę glukozy.

Co ważne, glikoliza zachodzi w cytozolu, a ETC znajduje się w mitochondriach (u eukariontów). Błona mitochondrialna nie jest przepuszczalna dla NADH. W rezultacie elektrony 2 NADH wytwarzane w wyniku glikolizy muszą zostać przetransportowane do mitochondriów. Po wejściu do mitochondrium elektrony mogą zostać przekazane do NAD+ lub FAD. Biorąc pod uwagę różną ilość ATP w zależności od nośnika elektronów, całkowita wydajność oddychania komórkowego wynosi od 30 do 32 ATP na cząsteczkę glukozy.

Wydajność ATP

Oddychanie komórkowe wytwarza 30 - 32 ATP na cząsteczkę glukozy. Chociaż większość ATP wynika z fosforylacji oksydacyjnej i transportu elektronów ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Cellular Processes

Procesy komórkowe

Cellular Respiration

Oddychanie komórkowe

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

how cellular respiration makes atp

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle.

The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to these complexes. As electrons move through the chain, the complexes pump protons into the intermembrane space and build a gradient across the membrane.

That proton gradient powers ATP production. Protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, and this flow drives ATP formation. For every 2 electrons that NADH sends through complex I, 10 protons are pumped in total. Complex I and complex III each pump 4 protons, and complex IV pumps 2 protons. Complex II is not part of the electron chain started by NADH.

FADH2 follows a different path. It passes 2 electrons to complex II, so a total of 6 protons are pumped per FADH2. In this case, complex III pumps 4 protons and complex IV pumps 2 protons. Four protons are needed to make 1 ATP. That means 1 NADH yields 2.5 ATP, and 1 FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP.

Per glucose molecule, cellular respiration can produce up to 10 NADH and 2 FADH2. Since each NADH makes 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 makes 1.5 ATP, oxidative phosphorylation produces 25 ATP from NADH and 3 ATP from FADH2. Adding the 4 ATP made before that stage gives a maximum of 32 ATP per glucose molecule. In eukaryotes, glycolysis happens in the cytosol, and the ETC is in the mitochondria.

The mitochondrial membrane does not let NADH cross. Because of that, the electrons from the 2 NADH made in glycolysis must be shuttled into the mitochondria. Once inside, those electrons may be passed to NAD+ or FAD. Since the shuttle path can change the carrier used, the total ATP yield of cellular respiration is usually 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule.

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

How Food Becomes ATP

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how cellular respiration turns glucose into ATP through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, for a total of 30 to 32 ATP.

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

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ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-5

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.5

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BIO.11

BIO.11.A

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-7.

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

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How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

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