Name: atp powers cellular work
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-4

Coupled Reactions

Sprzężenie energii zachodzi, gdy reakcja wysoce egzergoniczna napędza reakcję endergoniczną. Reakcja połączona nazywana jest reakcją sprzężoną.
Komórki wykorzystują sprzężone reakcje do wykonywania różnych procesów, w tym biosyntezy, aktywnego transportu jonów i pracy mechanicznej. Hydroliza ATP jest często sprzężoną reakcją egzergoniczną zasilającą procesy biologiczne.
Na przykład endergoniczna reakcja między glutaminianem a amoniakiem w celu wytworzenia glutaminy jest sprzężona z egzergoniczną hydrolizą ATP do ADP i fosforanu nieorganicznego.
Zmiana energii swobodnej netto dla reakcji sprzężonej jest sumą indywidualnych zmian energii swobodnej. Ze względu na duży ujemny ΔG dla hydrolizy ATP, całkowita standardowa zmiana energii swobodnej wynosi minus 16,3 kJ/mol, a reakcja może przebiegać.
Sprzężone reakcje biosyntezy często mają wspólny niestabilny produkt pośredni. W biosyntezie glutaminy przeniesienie fosforanu z ATP do glutaminianu tworzy pośredni fosforan glutamylu, który następnie reaguje z amoniakiem, tworząc glutaminę.

reakcje sprzężone

Procesy komórkowe, takie jak budowanie i rozkładanie złożonych cząsteczek, zachodzą w wyniku stopniowych reakcji chemicznych. Niektóre z tych reakcji chemicznych są spontaniczne i uwalniają energię, podczas gdy inne wymagają energii, aby przebiegać. Komórki często łączą reakcję uwalniającą energię z reakcją wymagającą energii do wykonywania ważnych funkcji komórkowych. Energia zawarta w trójfosforanie adenozyny lub cząsteczkach ATP jest łatwo dostępna do wykonania pracy. ATP napędza większość reakcji komórkowych wymagających energii. Komórki łączą hydrolizę ATP z reakcjami endergonicznymi, umożliwiając im kontynuację. Jeden z przykładów sprzęgania energii przy użyciu ATP obejmuje przezbłonową pompę jonową, która jest niezwykle ważna dla funkcjonowania komórek. Ta pompa sodowo-potasowa (pompa Na+/K+) wypycha sód z komórki i potas do komórki. Duży procent ATP komórki zasila tę pompę, ponieważ procesy komórkowe dostarczają do komórki znaczną ilość sodu i z niej wydalają potas. Pompa stale pracuje, aby ustabilizować komórkowe stężenie sodu i potasu. Często podczas komórkowych reakcji metabolicznych, takich jak synteza i rozkład składników odżywczych, niektóre cząsteczki muszą nieznacznie zmienić swoją konformację, aby stać się substratami dla następnego etapu serii reakcji. Jednym z przykładów jest to, że podczas pierwszych etapów oddychania komórkowego następuje rozkład cząsteczki cukru i glukozy w procesie glikolizy. W pierwszym etapie ATP jest wymagane do fosforylacji glukozy, tworząc wysokoenergetyczny, ale niestabilny produkt pośredni. Ta reakcja fosforylacji napędza zmianę konformacyjną, która umożliwia fosforylowaną cząsteczkę glukozy przekształcenie w fosforylowaną fruktozę cukrową. Fruktoza jest niezbędnym półproduktem, aby glikoliza mogła postępować. Tutaj egzergoniczna reakcja hydrolizy ATP łączy się z endergoniczną reakcją przekształcania glukozy w fosforylowany związek pośredni na szlaku. Po raz kolejny energia uwolniona przez zerwanie wiązania fosforanowego w ATP została wykorzystana do fosforylizacji innej cząsteczki, tworząc niestabilny związek pośredni i napędzając ważną zmianę konformacyjną. Ten tekst jest zaadaptowany z Openstax, Biologia 2e, <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-1-energy-and-metabolism-3-the-laws-of-thermodynamics">Rozdział 6.1: </a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-1-energy-and-metabolism-3-the-laws-of-thermodynamics">Energia i metabolizm</a> , <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-3-the-laws-of-thermodynamics">rozdział 6.3: Prawa termodynamiki</a>, oraz <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-4-atp-adenosine-triphosphate">6.4 ATP: Trójfosforan adenozyny</a>.

Reakcje sprzężone

Procesy komórkowe, takie jak budowanie i rozkładanie złożonych cząsteczek, zachodzą w wyniku stopniowych reakcji chemicznych. Niektóre z tych reakcji chemicznych są ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia komórki

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Energy and Catalysis

Energia i kataliza

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

atp powers cellular work

ATP powers many kinds of cellular work by coupling energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring ones. Some reactions happen on their own and release energy. Others need an energy input to move forward. Cells link these reactions so important processes can still occur.

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, stores energy that cells can use quickly. ATP hydrolysis is the breaking of ATP, and it releases energy. Cells often use that released energy to drive endergonic reactions, which are reactions that require energy. This coupling helps cells carry out most energy-requiring reactions.

One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, or Na+/K+ pump. This transmembrane ion pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. Many cell processes bring sodium in and potassium out, so a large share of cellular ATP is used to keep these ion levels stable. The pump works constantly to support cell function.

ATP also helps reactions in metabolism, including the first steps of glycolysis, which is part of cellular respiration. In the first step, ATP phosphorylates glucose by adding a phosphate group. This creates a high-energy but unstable intermediate. The phosphorylation causes a conformational change, or shape change, that lets the molecule continue through the pathway.

That shape change allows the phosphorylated glucose to become phosphorylated fructose, which is needed for glycolysis to proceed. Here again, the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is paired with an endergonic reaction in the pathway. The energy released from breaking a phosphate bond in ATP is used to phosphorylate another molecule and keep the reaction series moving forward.

ATP Powers Cellular Work

the first law of thermodynamics

Energy Changes in Cells and Matter

The first law of thermodynamics describes how energy changes form in the universe. The total amount of energy stays constant. Energy can move from one place to another or change into a different form, but it cannot be created or destroyed. These energy changes happen in everyday life. A light bulb changes electrical energy into light energy. A gas stove changes chemical energy in natural gas into heat energy. Plants also carry out a major energy transformation when they convert sunlight energy...

the second law of thermodynamics

Entropy and Spontaneous Change

Entropy helps predict whether a process will happen on its own. Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. A student’s bedroom is a simple example. If no work is done, the room becomes messy over time. That messy state is highly disordered and has high entropy. To make the room clean again, energy must be added as the student puts things away. That organized state has low entropy. Processes that increase the entropy of the...

enthalpy within the cell

Cellular Enthalpy and Energy Changes

Cellular enthalpy describes how heat and energy change during chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is written as H and is defined as the sum of a system’s internal energy, U, and the product of pressure and volume, PV. It is a state function, which means its value depends on the state of the system, not the path taken. Scientists cannot measure the enthalpy of a single substance directly. They can determine enthalpy changes, or ΔH, for a process instead. For reactions or changes that...

entropy within the cell

Cell Energy Loss and Entropy

Cell energy loss and entropy explain why living things need constant energy input. Cells obtain energy, transform it, and use it to do work, but these transfers are never completely efficient. In each transfer, some energy is lost in a form that cannot be used. In many cases, that lost energy is heat energy.

an introduction to free energy

Gibbs Free Energy and Reaction Work

Gibbs free energy describes the usable energy in a chemical reaction. It helps scientists compare how much energy different reactions release. This measurement is called Gibbs free energy, or G, after Josiah Willard Gibbs. The second law of thermodynamics explains why not all energy stays available for work. Some energy is lost in an unusable form, such as heat, and this loss increases entropy. Gibbs free energy is the energy left after that entropy loss is taken into account. Every chemical...

endergonic and exergonic reactions in the cell

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Cell Reactions That Release or Store Energy

Cell reactions can either release energy or store it for later use. In chemistry, this difference is described by the value of ΔG, or free energy change. When energy is released during a reaction, ΔG is negative. The products then have less free energy than the reactants because some free energy has been given off. Reactions with a negative ΔG are called exergonic reactions. Exergonic means energy is leaving the system. These reactions are also called spontaneous reactions because they can...

the equilibrium binding constant and binding strength

the-equilibrium-binding-constant-and-binding-strength

How Equilibrium Binding Constant Affects Binding

The equilibrium binding constant describes how strongly two molecules bind at equilibrium. It is a useful way to compare binding strength in molecular interactions. This topic focuses on how binding is measured and what the equilibrium binding constant means. A higher value indicates stronger binding, while a lower value indicates weaker binding. Understanding this constant helps explain how tightly molecules stay together under equilibrium conditions. The page also connects the binding...

free energy and equilibrium

Free Energy and Reaction Direction

Free energy and reaction direction are linked in chemical equilibrium. A free energy change, ΔG, shows the driving force for a process. When ΔG is negative, the process is driven forward. When ΔG is positive, the reverse direction is favored. When ΔG is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the system is at equilibrium. The reaction quotient, Q, helps show how close a system is to equilibrium. Q is the numerical value of the mass action expression for the system. It can...

non-equilibrium in the cell

Cells Stay Out of Equilibrium

Cells stay out of chemical equilibrium by constantly using energy and moving materials in and out. Chemical reactions in metabolism are often reversible. They can go in both directions. In one direction, they release energy to the surroundings. In the reverse direction, they absorb energy. The same idea applies to reactions that build and break down cell molecules. Proteins, for example, can be broken into individual amino acids, and amino acids can be used to build proteins again. In a closed...

oxidation and reduction of organic molecules

oxidation-and-reduction-of-organic-molecules

Electron Carriers in Cell Energy Transfer

Cell energy production depends on redox reactions, which are oxidation and reduction reactions that happen together. In oxidation, an electron is removed from an atom in a compound. In reduction, that same electron is added to another compound. Because these reactions usually occur as a pair, they are called redox reactions. When a molecule loses an electron, its potential energy goes down. The electron does not stay free in the cytoplasm. Instead, it moves to a second compound and reduces...

introduction to enzymes

Enzyme Function, Cofactors, and Inhibitors

Enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being used up. Humans have used enzymes since about 7000 BCE, when they fermented sugars to make alcohol without knowing the reaction was enzyme-catalyzed. The word enzyme was coined by Wilhelm Kuhne in 1877. It comes from the Greek words en, meaning “in” or “within,” and zyme, meaning “yeast.” Enzymes work through active sites, which are regions that bind substrates and help convert them into products. Many enzymes also have...

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How Enzymes Lower Reaction Energy

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introduction to enzyme kinetics

Graphing Enzyme Kinetics Data

Enzyme kinetics uses graphs to show how fast a biochemical reaction happens. Scientists measure the initial reaction rate, or velocity (Vo), at different substrate concentrations ([S]). They may also run trials with inhibitors or other molecules that change the reaction rate. The results are often plotted as Vo against [S]. For many single-substrate reactions, the data fits the Michaelis-Menten equation. This equation, named after Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten, helps estimate the maximum...

turnover number and catalytic efficiency

How Fast Enzymes Work in Digestion

Enzymes can work at very different speeds, and their turnover number shows how fast they convert substrate molecules into products. Turnover number is the maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme can transform per unit time. For most enzymes, this value is between 1 and 1000 molecules per second. Some enzymes are especially fast. Catalase has the highest known turnover number and can convert up to 2.8×10^6 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen each second. Lysozyme has...

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Diffusion-Controlled Enzymes and Reaction Speed

Catalytically perfect enzymes are enzymes that speed up biochemical reactions at very high rates. The idea was first proposed by W. J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes have catalytic efficiency values of about 10^8 to 10^9 M^-1 s^-1 and are also called diffusion-controlled enzymes because diffusion of the substrate into the active site is the only rate-limiting step. Examples of catalytically perfect enzymes include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.

introduction to mechanisms of enzyme catalysis

introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

How Enzymes Change Shape to Catalyze

Enzyme catalysis depends on how enzymes bind substrates and how the active site responds during the reaction. Scientists once described this process with a simple lock-and-key model, where the enzyme and substrate fit together in one instant. Research now supports induced fit, a more dynamic model in which binding causes a small change in the enzyme’s shape. That shift helps create an ideal match between the enzyme and the substrate’s transition state, which improves catalysis. The active site...

ligand binding and linkage

Ligand Binding and Allosteric Effects

Ligand binding and linkage describe how one molecule can affect another when it binds to a protein. In this topic, the focus is on how binding at one site can influence activity at a different site on the same protein. This idea is important for understanding protein function in high school biology. It helps explain why some proteins respond more strongly after a ligand attaches. The transcript centers on the connection between ligand binding and linkage, which is a key concept in molecular...

cooperative allosteric transitions

How Proteins Shift Shape Together

Proteins can change shape in a coordinated way during allosteric transitions. In a cooperative transition, one part of the protein affects another part, so the change spreads through the molecule. These shape changes help proteins switch between different states. The shift can influence how the protein works and how it responds to other molecules. Cooperative allosteric transitions are an important idea in protein function. They explain how a small change at one site can lead to a larger...

ribozymes

Catalytic RNA: Ribozymes in Action

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can act as enzymes. They help speed up specific chemical reactions without being protein enzymes. This makes them an important example of RNA with more than one job in the cell. Some ribozymes can cut RNA molecules, and others can join them together. This shows that RNA can do catalytic work as well as carry genetic information. Ribozymes are a key part of how scientists think about the many roles of RNA in biology. One well-known ribozyme is ribonuclease P,...

atp energy storage and release

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat. Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital...

atp and macromolecule synthesis

ATP in Building Cell Macromolecules

ATP helps cells build biological macromolecules. These organic compounds are mainly made of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of other elements. The four major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Most macromolecules start as small subunits called monomers. Cells join monomers with covalent bonds to make larger molecules called polymers. This building process needs energy, so cells depend on ATP, the...

coupled reactions

ATP powers many kinds of cellular work by coupling energy-releasing reactions to energy-requiring ones. Some reactions happen on their own and release energy. Others need an energy input to move forward. Cells link these reactions so important processes can still occur. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, stores energy that cells can use quickly. ATP hydrolysis is the breaking of ATP, and it releases energy. Cells often use that released energy to drive endergonic reactions, which are reactions...

key terms and concepts

See how ATP drives cellular work through energy coupling, from the sodium-potassium pump to glucose phosphorylation in glycolysis.

ATP Powers Cellular Work | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

HS-PS1-5

Florida Department of Education

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.10

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology

BIO.11

BIO.11.B

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Energy

C-PS3-4

Physics

P-PS3-3

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New York State Science Learning Standards

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Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

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Periodic Classification of the Elements

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Electronic Structure of Atoms


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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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Electric Fields

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Chemical Bonds


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Electron Behavior

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Subatomic Particles

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Ions and Ionic Charges

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Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level and the composition of the nucleus of atoms.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Examples of properties that could be predicted from patterns could include reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, numbers of bonds formed, atomic radius, atomic mass, or reactions with oxygen. Emphasis is on main group elements and qualitative understanding of the relative trends of ionization energy and electronegativity.

HS-PS1-1

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Chemical Equations

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The Collision Theory
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Stoichiometry, Product Yield, and Limiting Reactants

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of 25% v/v Ethylenediamine in Deionized WaterExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory ...

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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

Dynamic Equilibrium

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Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Examples of chemical reactions could include the reaction of sodium and chlorine, carbon and oxygen, or carbon and hydrogen. Reaction classification aids in the prediction of products (e.g. synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and acid-base).

HS-PS1-2

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Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties



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Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges

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Electric Field

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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the macroscale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on understanding the strengths of forces between particles, not on naming specific intermolecular forces (such as dipole-dipole). Examples of particles could include ions, atoms, molecules, and network solids (such as graphite). Examples of macro-properties of substances could include the melting point and boiling point, vapor pressure, and surface tension.

HS-PS1-3

ATP Powers Cellular Work

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