Name: homeostasis and negative feedback
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

What is Homeostasis?

Homeostaza to zdolność organizmu do utrzymania stabilnych warunków wewnętrznych w odpowiedzi na zmieniające się środowisko zewnętrzne.
Na przykład, gdy na zewnątrz jest ciepło, temperatura ciała osoby może zacząć rosnąć, a organizm musi zareagować, aby przeciwdziałać wzrostowi.
Receptory, centra kontroli i efektory koordynują niezbędne zmiany fizjologiczne, aby zareagować na zmienną.
W przypadku wzrostu temperatury ciała termoreceptory na komórkach skóry wykrywają podwyższoną temperaturę i przekazują wiadomość za pomocą impulsów nerwowych do mózgu, centrum kontroli.
Mózg porównuje bodziec z punktem zadanym – fizjologicznym zakresem zmiennej. Nastawa normalnej temperatury ciała człowieka wynosi około 37°C.
Kiedy temperatura ciała przekracza wartość zadaną, mózg sygnalizuje efektorom, gruczołom potowym, aby wytwarzały pot. Parowanie potu schładza organizm.
Gdy temperatura ciała powróci do ustawionego punktu, receptory wysyłają informację zwrotną do mózgu, aby zmniejszyć produkcję potu, zapewniając utrzymanie homeostazy.

czym jest homeostaza?

Utrzymanie homeostazy wymaga, aby organizm ciągle utrzymywał swoje warunki wewnętrzne. Każdy stan fizjologiczny ma określony punkt wyjścia, począwszy od temperatury ciała po ciśnienie krwi i poziom pewnych składników odżywczych. Punkt wyjścia jest wartością fizjologiczną, wokół której normalnie fluktuuje zakres. Zakres normy to ograniczony zestaw wartości, które są optymalne dla zdrowia i stabilne. Na przykład punktem wyjścia dla normalnej temperatury ciała człowieka jest około 37°C (98,6°F). Parametry fizjologiczne, takie jak temperatura ciała i ciśnienie krwi, mają tendencję do fluktuacji w zakresie kilku stopni powyżej i poniżej tego punktu. Centra sterowania w mózgu i innych częściach ciała monitorują oraz reagują na odchylenia od homeostazy za pomocą sprzężenia zwrotnego ujemnego. Ujemne sprzężenie zwrotne to mechanizm, który odwraca odchylenie od wartości zadanej.. Dlatego sprzężenie zwrotne utrzymuje parametry ciała w ich normie. Utrzymywanie homeostazy poprzez sprzężenie zwrotne ujemne zachodzi w całym ciele przez cały czas, a zrozumienie sprzężenia zwrotnego ujemnego jest zatem kluczowe dla zrozumienia fizjologii człowieka.

Czujnik, zwany również receptorem, jest składnikiem układu sprzężenia zwrotnego, który monitoruje wartość fizjologiczną. Ta wartość jest przekazywana do centrum sterowania. Centrum sterowania to element w układzie sprzężenia zwrotnego, który porównuje wartość z zakresem normy. Centrum sterowania aktywuje efektor, jeśli wartość odchyla się zbytnio od punktu wyjścia. Efektor to element układu sprzężenia zwrotnego, który powoduje zmianę w celu odwrócenia sytuacji i przywrócenia wartości do zakresu normy.

Na przykład, aby uruchomić system, bodziec musi wpłynąć na parametr fizjologiczny poza jego zakresem normy (poza homeostazą). Ten bodziec jest "słyszany" przez określony czujnik. W kontroli poziomu glukozy we krwi, konkretne komórki dokrewne w trzustce wykrywają nadmiar glukozy (bodziec) we krwi. Komórki trzustkowe beta reagują na zwiększoną ilość glukozy we krwi, uwalniając hormon - insulinę - do krwiobiegu. Insulina sygnalizuje włóknom mięśni szkieletowych, komórkom tłuszczowym (adipocyty) i komórkom wątroby, aby pobierały nadmiar glukozy, usuwając go z krwiobiegu. Gdy stężenie glukozy we krwi spada, spadek stężenia - rzeczywiste sprzężenie zwrotne ujemne - jest wykrywane przez komórki alfa trzustki, a uwalnianie insuliny się zatrzymuje. Zapobiega to dalszemu obniżaniu się poziomu cukru we krwi poniżej zakresu normy.

Ten tekst jest adaptacją z <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.5: Homeostasis</a>

Czym jest homeostaza?

Utrzymanie homeostazy wymaga, aby organizm stale utrzymywał swoje warunki wewnętrzne. Każdy stan fizjologiczny ma określoną wartość zadaną, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia i fizjologia

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Introduction to the Human Body

Wprowadzenie do ciała człowieka

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

homeostasis and negative feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range.

Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis. This process reverses a change that moves a body value away from its set point. Control centers in the brain and other body parts monitor these changes and respond when conditions drift too far. Because this happens throughout the body all the time, negative feedback is a key idea in human physiology.

A feedback system has three main parts: a sensor, a control center, and an effector. A sensor, also called a receptor, watches a physiological value and sends that information to the control center. The control center compares the value with the normal range. If the value moves too far from the set point, the control center activates an effector. The effector causes a change that brings the value back toward normal.

Blood glucose control shows how this works. When blood sugar rises too high, pancreatic beta cells detect the excess glucose in the bloodstream. These endocrine cells release insulin into the blood. Insulin tells skeletal muscle fibers, fat cells, and liver cells to take up the extra glucose, which removes it from the bloodstream. As glucose levels fall, pancreatic alpha cells detect the drop, and insulin release stops. This keeps blood sugar from falling below the normal range.

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

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requirements for human life

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Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

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Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

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abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Learn how homeostasis stays stable through negative feedback, set points, sensors, control centers, and the insulin response to blood glucose.

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

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Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

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