Name: feedback loops in body balance
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Negative and Positive Feedback

Funkcje biologiczne, takie jak szlaki metaboliczne lub szlaki sygnalizacji komórkowej, są regulowane przez mechanizmy sprzężenia zwrotnego, które obejmują pętle ujemnego i dodatniego sprzężenia zwrotnego.
Pozytywne sprzężenie zwrotne występuje, gdy produkt procesu stymuluje dalszy wzrost jego produkcji, co prowadzi do zwiększonej reakcji.
Proces krzepnięcia krwi jest jednym z typowych przykładów pętli dodatniego sprzężenia zwrotnego.
Przecięcie w ścianie naczynia krwionośnego działa jak bodziec, który pobudza naczynia i pobliskie płytki krwi do uwalniania sygnałów chemicznych, aktywując kilka czynników krzepnięcia i przyciągając płytki krwi do miejsca urazu, inicjując zakrzep krwi. Płytki krwi wydzielają sygnały chemiczne, aby przyciągnąć więcej płytek krwi do miejsca, aż rozwijający się skrzep całkowicie uszczelni ranę.
Pętla ujemnego sprzężenia zwrotnego występuje, gdy produkt reakcji zmniejsza bodziec początkowy.
Na przykład, gdy poziom glukozy we krwi wzrasta, trzustka uwalnia insulinę, która wyzwala wychwyt glukozy przez komórki wątroby, obniżając poziom glukozy we krwi.
Po przywróceniu poziomu glukozy we krwi trzustka przestaje wytwarzać insulinę.

negatywne i pozytywne opinie

Narządy i układy narządów zwierząt stale dostosowują się do zmian wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych w procesie zwanym homeostazą („stanem ustalonym”). Przykładami tych zmian są regulacja poziomu glukozy lub wapnia we krwi lub reakcje wewnętrzne na temperaturę zewnętrzną. Homeostaza wymaga utrzymania wewnętrznej równowagi dynamicznej: 

 <ul style="padding-left: 35px; list-style-type: disc;"> 
 <li>Dynamiczna, ponieważ stale dostosowuje się do zmian, jakie napotykają układy organizmu.</li> 
 <li>Równowaga, ponieważ funkcje organizmu są utrzymywane w określonych zakresach. Nawet zwierzę, które jest pozornie nieaktywne, utrzymuje tę równowagę homeostatyczną.</li> 
 </ul> 

 Proces homeostatyczny 

 Celem homeostazy jest utrzymanie równowagi wokół punktu lub wartości zwanej wartością zadaną. Chociaż występują normalne wahania od wartości zadanej, systemy organizmu zwykle będą próbowały wrócić do tego punktu. Zmiana w środowisku wewnętrznym lub zewnętrznym nazywana jest bodźcem i jest wykrywana przez receptor; odpowiedzią systemu jest dostosowanie parametru odchylenia w kierunku wartości zadanej. 

 Kontrola homeostazy 

 Kiedy zmiana następuje poza środowiskiem zwierzęcia, należy dokonać dostosowania. Receptor wyczuwa zmianę w środowisku, następnie wysyła sygnał do centrum kontroli (w większości przypadków do mózgu), które z kolei generuje odpowiedź sygnalizowaną efektorowi. Efektor to mięsień (który kurczy się lub rozluźnia) lub gruczoł wydzielający. Te sygnały i reakcje są kontrolowane przez nieświadome autonomiczne pętle sprzężenia zwrotnego. Ujemne pętle sprzężenia zwrotnego utrzymują homeostazę. Pozytywne sprzężenie zwrotne wypychają organizm dalej z homeostazy, ale mogą być niezbędne do funkcjonowania funkcji życiowych. Zatem homeostaza jest kontrolowana przez układ nerwowy i hormonalny ssaków. 

 Wartość zadana 

 Istnieje możliwość dostosowania wartości zadanej systemu. Gdy tak się stanie, pętla sprzężenia zwrotnego pracuje nad utrzymaniem nowego ustawienia. Przykładem tego jest ciśnienie krwi: z biegiem czasu normalna lub zadana wartość ciśnienia krwi może wzrosnąć w wyniku ciągłego wzrostu ciśnienia krwi. Organizm nie rozpoznaje już wzniesienia jako nieprawidłowego i nie podejmuje żadnych prób powrotu do niższej wartości zadanej. Rezultatem jest regularne podwyższone ciśnienie krwi, które może zaszkodzić organizmowi. Leki mogą obniżyć ciśnienie krwi i obniżyć nastawę w systemie do zdrowszego poziomu. Nazywa się to procesem zmiany wartości zadanej w pętli sprzężenia zwrotnego. 

 Można dokonać zmian w grupie układów narządów ciała, aby utrzymać zadaną wartość w innym układzie. Nazywa się to aklimatyzacją. Dzieje się tak na przykład wtedy, gdy zwierzę migruje na wysokość wyższą niż ta, do której było pierwotnie przyzwyczajone. Aby przystosować się do niższego poziomu tlenu na większej wysokości, organizm zwiększa liczbę czerwonych krwinek krążących we krwi, aby zapewnić odpowiedni dopływ tlenu do tkanek. Innym przykładem aklimatyzacji jest sezonowe zmiany sierści u niektórych zwierząt: cięższa sierść zimą zapewnia odpowiednie zatrzymywanie ciepła, a jaśniejsza sierść latem pomaga utrzymać temperaturę ciała przed wzrostem do szkodliwego poziomu.

 Ten tekst jest adaptacją <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/33-3-homeostasis">Openstax, Biology 2e, Section 33.3: </a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/33-3-homeostasis">Homeostasis</a>

Negatywne i pozytywne opinie

Narządy i układy narządów zwierząt stale dostosowują się do zmian wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych w procesie zwanym homeostazą ("stan ustalony"). Przykłady...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia i fizjologia

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Introduction to the Human Body

Wprowadzenie do ciała człowieka

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

feedback loops in body balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment.

Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift.

These control systems are important in many parts of biology. They help explain how the body responds to change and how certain processes stay balanced or move toward a clear outcome.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human Survival Needs in the Body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Explore how negative and positive feedback help maintain body balance and homeostasis. Learn how these control loops change responses in biology.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

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Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

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Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

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New York State Science Learning Standards

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Feedback Loops in Body Balance

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