Name: verrucomicrobiota cell structure and traits
Uploaded: 2025-06-05T06:42:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

Gromada Verrucomicrobiota jest klasyfikowana w czterech rzędach, przy czym większość gatunków jest klasyfikowana w rzędzie Verrucomicrobiales. Gatunki z tej gromady są obligatoryjnymi lub fakultatywnie bakteriami tlenowymi szeroko rozpowszechnionymi w różnych środowiskach, w tym w wodach słodkich, siedliskach morskich, glebach leśnych i gruntach rolnych. Gatunki Verrucomicrobiota species przyczyniają się do obiegu węgla. Wiele gatunków fermentuje cukry, podczas gdy tlenowe metanotrofy, takie jak rodzaj Methylacidiphilum, utleniają metan. Co ciekawe, gatunki w Verrucomicrobiota posiadają związane z błoną cytoplazmatyczne przedłużenia zwane protekami. Te wyrostki są wspierane przez peptydoglikan w ich ścianach komórkowych. Rodzaje Verrucomicrobium i Prosthecobacter są godne uwagi ze względu na wytwarzanie wielu protez na każdej komórce. Ulegają symetrycznemu podziałowi komórek, w wyniku czego zarówno komórki matki, jak i komórki potomne posiadają protezy w momencie podziału. Gatunki Prosthecobacter mają dwa geny, które wykazują znaczną homologię do genów kodujących tubulinę w komórkach eukariotycznych. Ale ich funkcja pozostaje niejasna, ponieważ u tych bakterii nie zaobserwowano cytoszkieletu podobnego do eukariotycznego.

typ bakterii: verrucomicrobia

Bacterial Phylum Verrucomicrobiota

Typ Verrucomicrobiota obejmuje co najmniej cztery scharakteryzowane rz&#281;dy, z kt&#243;rych wi&#281;kszo&#347;&#263; gatunk&#243;w nale&#380;y do rz&#281;du Verrucomicrobiotales. Przedstawiciele tego typu s&#261; organizmami tlenowymi lub fakultatywnie tlenowymi, zdolnymi do fermentacji cukr&#243;w. Wyj&#261;tek stanowi rodzaj Methylacidiphilum, kt&#243;ry sk&#322;ada si&#281; z tlenowych bakterii metanotroficznych. Niekt&#243;re bakterie z typu Verrucomicrobiota wchodz&#261; r&#243;wnie&#380; w symbiotyczne relacje z protistami. Bakterie te s&#261; szeroko rozpowszechnione w r&#243;&#380;nych &#347;rodowiskach, w tym w wodach s&#322;odkich, siedliskach morskich, glebach le&#347;nych i na terenach rolniczych.
Podobnie jak Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobiota posiadaj&#261; struktury wewn&#261;trzkom&#243;rkowe otoczone b&#322;on&#261;. Jednak cech&#261; wyr&#243;&#380;niaj&#261;c&#261; Verrucomicrobiota jest obecno&#347;&#263; wypustek cytoplazmatycznych, zwanych prostekami. Te wypustki s&#261; wspierane przez peptydoglikan w &#347;cianie kom&#243;rkowej, co odr&#243;&#380;nia je od bakterii z typu Planctomycetes.
Rodzaje Verrucomicrobium i Prosthecobacter s&#261; szczeg&#243;lnie interesuj&#261;ce ze wzgl&#281;du na obecno&#347;&#263; wielu prostek na ka&#380;dej kom&#243;rce. W przeciwie&#324;stwie do rodzaju Caulobacter, kt&#243;ry rozwija pojedyncz&#261; prostek&#281; i wytwarza kom&#243;rki potomne z wiciami (swarmer cells) pozbawione prostek, Verrucomicrobium i Prosthecobacter dziel&#261; si&#281; symetrycznie, co skutkuje tym, &#380;e zar&#243;wno kom&#243;rka macierzysta, jak i potomna posiadaj&#261; prosteki ju&#380; w momencie podzia&#322;u. Nazwa Verrucomicrobium pochodzi z j&#281;zyka greckiego i oznacza &#8222;brodawkowy&#8221;, co trafnie opisuje wygl&#261;d Verrucomicrobium spinosum z licznymi wystaj&#261;cymi prostekami.
Wyj&#261;tkow&#261; cech&#261; gatunk&#243;w Prosthecobacter jest obecno&#347;&#263; dw&#243;ch gen&#243;w wykazuj&#261;cych silne podobie&#324;stwo do gen&#243;w koduj&#261;cych tubulin&#281; w kom&#243;rkach eukariotycznych. Tubulina jest g&#322;&#243;wnym bia&#322;kiem tworz&#261;cym cytoszkielet eukariotyczny. Cho&#263; bia&#322;ko FtsZ bior&#261;ce udzia&#322; w podziale kom&#243;rkowym bakterii jest r&#243;wnie&#380; homologiem tubuliny, to bia&#322;ka tubulinopodobne w rodzaju Prosthecobacter wykazuj&#261; wi&#281;ksze podobie&#324;stwo strukturalne do tubuliny eukariotycznej. Pomimo tego podobie&#324;stwa, funkcja tych bia&#322;ek u bakterii Prosthecobacter pozostaje nieznana, poniewa&#380; nie zaobserwowano u nich cytoszkieletu przypominaj&#261;cego ten wyst&#281;puj&#261;cy u eukariont&#243;w.

Typ bakterii: Verrucomicrobia

Typ Verrucomicrobiota obejmuje co najmniej cztery scharakteryzowane rz&#281;dy, z kt&#243;rych wi&#281;kszo&#347;&#263; gatunk&#243;w nale&#380;y do ...

Education

JoVE Core

Microbiology

Mikrobiologia

Unit

Jednostka

Microbial Diversity

Różnorodność mikrobiologiczna

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KLUCZOWE TERMINY I POJĘCIA

verrucomicrobiota cell structure and traits

Verrucomicrobiota are a bacterial phylum with several recognized orders, and most species belong to Verrucomicrobiotales. Many members are aerobic or facultatively aerobic, which means they can use oxygen but may also grow without it. They can also ferment sugars. One exception is the genus Methylacidiphilum, which contains aerobic methanotrophs, bacteria that use methane and oxygen.

These bacteria live in many different places. They are found in freshwater, marine habitats, forest soils, and agricultural land. Some Verrucomicrobiota also form symbiotic relationships with protists, which are single-celled eukaryotes.

Verrucomicrobiota have membrane-bound internal structures, similar to Planctomycetes. They also have cytoplasmic extensions called prosthecae. These appendages are supported by peptidoglycan in the cell wall, which helps distinguish them from Planctomycetes. The genera Verrucomicrobium and Prosthecobacter are known for having multiple prosthecae on each cell.

Their cell division is also unusual. Unlike Caulobacter, which forms a single prostheca and releases flagellated swarmer cells without prosthecae, Verrucomicrobium and Prosthecobacter divide symmetrically. This means both the mother cell and the daughter cell have prosthecae at the time of division. The name Verrucomicrobium comes from a Greek word meaning &quot;warty,&quot; which matches the look of Verrucomicrobium spinosum and its many protruding prosthecae.

Prosthecobacter species are especially notable because they carry two genes that are very similar to genes for eukaryotic tubulin. Tubulin is the main protein that forms the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Bacteria also have FtsZ, another tubulin homolog involved in cell division. However, the Prosthecobacter proteins are even more similar in structure to eukaryotic tubulin, and their function is still unclear. No eukaryotic-like cytoskeleton has been seen in these bacteria.

Verrucomicrobiota Cell Structure and Traits

verrucomicrobiota-cell-structure-and-traits

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key terms and concepts

Explore Verrucomicrobiota cell features, prosthecae, habitat diversity, symbiosis with protists, and the unusual tubulin-like genes in Prosthecobacter.

Verrucomicrobiota Cell Structure and Traits | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

microbiology

Verrucomicrobiota Cell Structure and Traits

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