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Bipolar disorder involves intense mood fluctuations, including one or more episodes of mania. Mania presents with heightened energy, euphoria, impulsivity, decreased need for sleep, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, fewer sexual inhibitions, and distractibility.

People with bipolar disorder often cycle between depression and mania, with periods of stability typically lasting six months to a year.

Genetic factors strongly influence the disorder, with heritability estimated at 60% to 85%. Identical twins share a 70% probability of developing the disorder, while fraternal twins exceed a 10% probability.

Researchers have linked abnormal levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine and high levels of glutamate to bipolar disorder.

Brain imaging studies show that emotion-related areas, like the amygdala, exhibit increased activity, while planning-related areas, like the prefrontal cortex, show reduced gray matter and activity.

Stressful events significantly raise the risk of manic episodes, increase relapse frequency and slow recovery.

Similarly, positive events, such as achieving goals or receiving promotions, can also trigger manic episodes.