To study was approved by the Shaoxing University Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval No. SU-2023-IE-058). All participants provided written informed consent prior to data collection. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013).
Game design for the decision experience of IE education for college students
The research implemented a Bayesian Network (BN) for real-time assessment of learners' knowledge mastery. Each knowledge point was modeled as a node with Conditional Probability Tables (CPTs) defining dependencies. Student performance data from game interactions served as evidence for probabilistic inference using the pgmpy library (v0.1.20, Python 3.9.7). The Junction Tree algorithm was employed for efficient inference.
Feature selection of game evaluation dimensions of college students' IE education based on BN reasoning
The development of IE education has been accompanied by the continuous deepening of reforms in higher education, and significant progress has been made in education. The research background of the IE education ecosystem innovation is the first driving force for development and the strategic support for building a modern economic system17,18. However, the operation of the IE ecosystem, like the natural ecosystem, also has many influencing factors. The basic function and value of IE education lie in cultivating a large number of innovative talents (a large number of high-quality talents with innovative spirit, knowledge system, and action ability)19. Its basic purpose and value mainly include five parts, as shown in Figure 1, which are the functions and values of IE education.

Figure 1: Integrated framework of IE education's core functions, value composition, and internal logic linkage with entrepreneurial behavior. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 1 demonstrates the functions and values of IE education, with the core being entrepreneurial awareness. Entrepreneurial demand is the foundation, providing a prerequisite for the formation of entrepreneurial awareness. Entrepreneurial interest is the core, driving individuals to pay attention to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial motivation is the driving force that propels entrepreneurial practice. Entrepreneurship will provide support to help overcome difficulties in starting a business. The entrepreneurial value is the ultimate goal, reflecting the significance of entrepreneurial education for individuals and society. All elements interact with each other and jointly support the functioning of IE education20. The study categorizes IE education as consciousness cultivation, ability enhancement, and intention generation. They correspond to the basic, main, and fundamental goals of IE education. Entrepreneurial awareness is divided into multiple levels, and cultivating this awareness is a key factor in achieving knowledge and ability goals. Knowledge itself is a part of ability, so entrepreneurial education should focus on cultivating individual entrepreneurial abilities. Intention is a crucial link in the development of consciousness into behavior, but intention and action are not exactly the same21. In entrepreneurial education, it is necessary to generate students' entrepreneurial willingness, thus forming effective experiences and transforming them into behaviors. In summary, the study takes entrepreneurial awareness, entrepreneurial ability, and entrepreneurial intention as mediating variables between IE education and entrepreneurial behavior. Taking entrepreneurial awareness, ability, and willingness as the mediating variables between IE education and entrepreneurial behavior, corresponding to the basic, main, and fundamental goals of IE education, combined with literature analysis and ILM, set the measurement indicators of each variable (such as IE education, including course participation, etc.), and then construct this ILM. As shown in Figure 1, an ILM linking IE education and entrepreneurial behavior was constructed for research purposes.
As shown in Figure 1, the positive effect of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial ability is reflected in its ability to help college students master basic skills, improve their ability to accumulate and utilize resources, and overcome difficulties in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial awareness can play a mediating role between IE education and entrepreneurial behavior. As a pre-factor of entrepreneurial behavior, entrepreneurial intention can directly predict the occurrence of behavior. Cultivating entrepreneurial awareness among college students can help enterprises accumulate entrepreneurial knowledge and improve their entrepreneurial abilities. Ability theory holds that ability is the core factor that determines behavior, especially in IE education, which emphasizes the cultivation of students' multidimensional ability, including resource integration, team building, and fund preparation22. These skills directly affect students' performance in entrepreneurship, such as opportunity identification, relationship building, and action implementation. Entrepreneurial ability covers three main dimensions, namely resource integration ability, which refers to the effective use and integration of resources to support entrepreneurship; team building ability refers to the ability to form and lead a team; and capital readiness, that is, the ability to raise and manage start-up capital. The improvement of these abilities is the key to promoting the success of students' entrepreneurship23.
The establishment of measurement standards for entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial behavior, entrepreneurial ability, entrepreneurial awareness, and entrepreneurial intention is mainly based on literature analysis, and combined with the ILM of IE education. The indicators of entrepreneurial education are participation in entrepreneurial courses or lectures (CY1), participation in entrepreneurial education skills training (CY2), and participation in entrepreneurial competitions (CY3). These indicators directly reflect students' participation in IE education and reflect the core objectives of entrepreneurial education's practicality and interaction10. The indicators of entrepreneurial behavior are opportunity identification (CW1), relationship building (CW2), and energy investment (CW3). This is the measurement related to entrepreneurial behavior, which mainly comes from behavioral theories (such as competence theory) and focuses on individual action characteristics, such as opportunity grasp, social capital construction, and resource allocation11. The measurement dimensions of entrepreneurial ability are resource integration ability (CN1), team building ability (CN2), and capital preparation ability (CN3). These dimensions are derived from the core practical goal of entrepreneurial ability improvement, that is, to improve students' ability to survive and develop in a real entrepreneurial environment. The measurement dimensions of entrepreneurial consciousness include entrepreneurial behavior attitude (CS1), entrepreneurial subjective norms (CS2), and entrepreneurial perception behavior control (CS3). The measurement of entrepreneurial consciousness is based on Ajzen's Planned Behavior Theory (TPB), which takes individual psychological expectation of entrepreneurial behavior as the analysis focus13. The indicators of entrepreneurial intention are entrepreneurial desire (CW1), career planning, and entrepreneurial relevance (CW2). The measurement of entrepreneurial intention is supported by the theory of the impact of entrepreneurial education on career choice, such as the relationship between subjective norms and behavioral intention.
In teaching activities, the process of taking students' responses as evidence variables to calculate the posterior probability of latent and observable variables is the process of diagnosing students' knowledge level. BN reasoning calculates posterior probability, which is mainly based on the BN structure and conditional probability distribution, and calculates the value taking probability of some nodes in the network under specific evidence conditions24. For a BN with n node variables, it can be defined as a joint probability distribution function, as shown in equation (1)25.
(1)
Where P means the Conditional probability set
of BN. For any node