Abstract
Chloroplasts are the organelles that define plants1. Along with many other metabolic, developmental and signaling functions, chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis – the process whereby sunlight energy is harnessed to power the cellular activities of life. Consequently, chloroplasts are essential, not only for plants but also for the myriad of ecosystems that depend on plants, and for agriculture. Chloroplasts are composed of thousands of different proteins,ost of which are nucleus-encoded and imported from the cytosol before being routed internally to one of a number of clearly-distinct intraorganellar compartments1. To achieve a more complete understanding of chloroplast development and functions, and to enable biotechnological strategies involving chloroplast manipulation that address global challenges linked to food security or bioenergy, it will be essential to determine the targeting, localization and interactions of important chloroplast proteins. This method collection describes a set of critically important and complementary techniques that may be used to accomplish these goals. The collection mostly focuses on the widely-used model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress), but the methods may also be adapted and applied to other organisms.…
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