Name: how scientists identify bacteria and fungi
Uploaded: 2019-01-29T11:04:46.000Z
Duration: 5 min 6 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-7

Microbial and Fungal Diversity

Os microrganismos são definidos como formas de vida pequenas demais para serem vistas a olho nu. Mas, embora normalmente não os vejamos, os micróbios estão por toda parte, fazendo coisas boas, como ajudar nossa digestão ou fazer iogurtes e vinho, até coisas não tão boas, como causar infecções ou doenças. 
Falando em infecções, em 1928, Alexander Fleming voltou ao seu laboratório de férias e notou uma estranha contaminação por fungos em uma de suas placas de cultura bacteriana. Curiosamente, as colônias bacterianas imediatamente ao redor da contaminação foram destruídas. Essa observação levou a muitas pesquisas adicionais, culminando no desenvolvimento da penicilina e de outros antibióticos que poderiam tratar infecções bacterianas. No entanto, embora possam viver lado a lado no mundo microscópico, sabemos, estudando suas formas e filogenias, que bactérias e fungos são organismos muito diferentes e diversos. Vamos examinar brevemente algumas das características definidoras desses dois grupos principais. 
As bactérias são procariontes unicelulares, o que significa que são organismos unicelulares sem núcleo. Todas as bactérias têm uma parede celular, mas sua composição e espessura variam. As bactérias Gram positivas têm uma parede celular com uma espessa camada de peptidoglicano, que retém prontamente as moléculas de cristal violeta na coloração de Gram. No entanto, as bactérias gram negativas têm uma parede celular fina cercada por uma membrana externa de lipopolissacarídeo e retêm apenas a contracoloração, a safranina de cor vermelha. A coloração de Gram também permite a observação de formas bacterianas. As bactérias redondas são chamadas de cocos. As bactérias em forma de bastonete são chamadas de bacilos. E as bactérias em forma de espiral são chamadas de espirila. Além disso, as colônias bacterianas também podem ser caracterizadas a olho nu, usando características como cor, forma e tamanho da colônia. 
Agora, vamos dar uma olhada nos fungos. Ao contrário das bactérias, os fungos são eucariotos e, portanto, suas células têm organelas ligadas à membrana e um núcleo. Eles são comumente classificados em grupos com base em suas estratégias reprodutivas. Por exemplo, Ascomycota, ou fungos de saco, que inclui cogumelos, penicillium e trufas, têm corpos frutíferos chamados ascocarpos. Os cogumelos são preenchidos com essas estruturas. Se olharmos mais de perto, eles contêm muitas estruturas menores chamadas ascos, que por sua vez contêm muitos ascósporos formados durante a reprodução sexuada. No entanto, Ascomycota freqüentemente se reproduz assexuadamente por brotamento. O segundo grande grupo de fungos que examinaremos é o Basidiomycota, ou fungos de clube. A maioria dos cogumelos comestíveis e venenosos da floresta são, na verdade, estruturas reprodutivas do Basidiomycota. Neste grupo, o que chamaríamos de tampa de cogumelo é tecnicamente conhecido como basidiocarpo. Nos fungos branquiais, as brânquias sob o basidiocarpo são revestidas por pequenas estruturas conhecidas como basídios, e estas produzem basidiósporos, esporos reprodutivos microscópicos, durante a reprodução sexuada. Esses esporos são normalmente liberados pelo vento, semelhante a muitas sementes de plantas. Aqui, examinamos vários grupos importantes de bactérias e fungos e as características que os definem de uma forma muito simplificada. No entanto, devido ao grande número de espécies microbianas, mais de um trilhão por muitas estimativas, os cientistas geralmente as identificam e agrupam usando métodos adicionais, incluindo o exame de seu DNA. 
Neste laboratório, você identificará diferentes espécies de bactérias usando coloração de Gram e examinará as características da colônia. Você também examinará espécies de fungos para identificar suas estruturas reprodutivas.

diversidade microbiana e fúngica

Bactérias e fungos são dois grupos altamente diversos de organismos que podem ter impactos benéficos ou prejudiciais significativos na saúde humana. Por esse motivo, é importante entender e distinguir entre as espécies individuais desses grupos. Como você deve se lembrar, os taxonomistas biológicos agrupam organismos com base em sua relação filogenética. Os três domínios da vida, Bactérias, Archaea e Eucariota, segregam a vida em três grupos distintos. Embora todas as bactérias se enquadrem no domínio Bactérias, os fungos são encontrados no domínio Eucariota (Reino dos Fungos). Além de Archaea, o domínio Bacteria inclui exclusivamente procariontes unicelulares, o que significa que suas células não possuem membrana nuclear e organelas ligadas à membrana. Em contraste, os fungos do domínio Eukaryota têm organelas ligadas à membrana e incluem organismos unicelulares e multicelulares.
<h4>Bactéria</h4>
As bactérias são encontradas em quase todos os lugares da Terra e são altamente adaptadas aos ambientes em que crescem. Como resultado, este domínio inclui uma quantidade impressionante de diversidade. O impacto desses organismos na saúde humana é igualmente diverso. Por exemplo, espécies como Streptococcus thermophilus podem ser usadas para produzir alimentos fermentados como iogurte, enquanto esporos da bactéria Bacillus anthracis são responsáveis pela doença potencialmente mortal antraz.
Para auxiliar na identificação desse organismo, os microbiologistas desenvolveram uma miríade de testes para caracterizar células individuais e colônias inteiras de bactérias1. Um dos métodos mais comuns para identificar bactérias é por coloração de Gram. Este teste usa corantes coloridos para determinar a composição da parede celular da bactéria. As bactérias Gram-positivas, que possuem uma parede celular espessa composta por uma proteína chamada peptidoglicano, retêm um corante chamado cristal violeta e, portanto, parecem roxos. Em contraste, as bactérias gram-negativas têm uma parede celular mais fina sem peptidoglicano e não retêm o cristal violeta. Em vez disso, essas células parecem rosa devido a uma contra-mancha chamada safranina. O uso da coloração de Gram geralmente serve como uma etapa preliminar na identificação de uma espécie bacteriana. A classificação adicional requer a identificação de características adicionais. Isso pode incluir a forma de bactérias individuais, que podem ser cocos (redondos), espirilo (espiral) ou bacilos (em forma de bastonete). Além disso, a cor, a forma, o brilho, a textura e até o cheiro das colônias bacterianas podem ser usados para distinguir entre as espécies.
<h4>Parede celular</h4>
Os fungos do domínio Eukaryota também são altamente ecologicamente diversos e podem variar em tamanho, desde leveduras microscópicas até o maior organismo da Terra, o fungo do mel (Armillaria ostoyae). Todos os fungos são heterotróficos, o que significa que devem adquirir seu alimento do meio ambiente. Esses organismos também exibem diversidade em suas atividades específicas, nichos e efeitos potenciais na saúde humana. Por exemplo, alguns fungos são consumidos ou usados para produzir alimentos por humanos, enquanto outros podem causar infecções graves ou até mortais2.
Dentro do reino Fungi, existem duas divisões taxonômicas distintas com base na estratégia reprodutiva da espécie. Primeiro, Ascomycota, conhecido como fungo do saco, tem uma estrutura reprodutiva chamada asco. Juntos, muitos ascos formam o ascocarpo, ou "corpo frutífero" dos fungos. Esses fungos podem se reproduzir sexuada ou assexuadamente por brotamento. Ascomycota consiste em algumas espécies economicamente importantes, como a levedura usada na fabricação de cerveja e no cozimento do pão, e algumas espécies populares na culinária, como cogumelos e trufas. O segundo grupo, Basidiomycota, inclui organismos comumente conhecidos como "fungos de clube" devido à presença de uma grande estrutura reprodutiva em forma de clube chamada basídio. Em contraste com Ascomycota, a maioria dos Basidomucota se reproduz exclusivamente por reprodução sexuada. Isso ocorre quando dois micélios haplóides se unem para formar um basidiocarpo. Em um cogumelo botão, esta é a estrutura da tampa. Na parte inferior do basidiocarpo, estruturas reprodutivas chamadas brânquias revestidas com estruturas chamadas basídios produzem núcleos haplóides que eventualmente formam basidiósporos. Os basidiósporos são então dispersos pelo vento. Esta divisão taxonômica inclui muitos cogumelos botão comumente consumidos, bem como cogumelos selvagens.
<h4>Importância da Microbiologia</h4>
No geral, é claro que as diversas funções e propriedades dos microrganismos tornam sua identificação extremamente importante para a saúde e o bem-estar humanos. Embora um grande número de espécies de fungos e bactérias tenha sido identificado até o momento, estima-se que outros milhões ainda não tenham sido identificados e classificados. Além disso, as disciplinas humanas que exploram fungos e bactérias são tão diversas quanto os próprios organismos e, sem dúvida, continuarão a crescer. A relevância dos microrganismos para as áreas médicas é mais prevalente agora do que nunca, pois espécies de bactérias infecciosas resistentes a vários antibióticos ameaçam a saúde humana. Compreender a estrutura e as características biológicas das espécies infecciosas e não infecciosas fornece informações importantes necessárias para a criação de novos tratamentos antibióticos e estratégias preventivas3-4.
A microbiologia também é fundamental para a indústria alimentícia. Numerosos produtos, incluindo iogurte, queijo, kombucha, pão e álcool, são feitos usando categorias ou espécies específicas de micróbios. Ao mesmo tempo, os cientistas de alimentos se concentram na engenharia de compostos químicos e conservantes que reduzirão o crescimento de micróbios indesejados nos alimentos. Em todos esses processos, é necessária uma compreensão de como os micróbios sobrevivem, se reproduzem e afetam seu ambiente.
<h4>Referências </h4>
<ol class="referências">
	<li>Hiroshi Asakura, Holger Brueggemann, Sou-ichi Makino e Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi, "Abordagens moleculares para a classificação de patógenos microbianos de importância para a saúde pública", BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, artigo ID 725801, 2 páginas, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/725801.</li>
	<li>Treseder, K. K. e J. T. Lennon (2015). 'Características fúngicas que impulsionam a dinâmica do ecossistema em terra.' Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 79(2): 243-262.</li>
	<li>Arvanitis, M. e E. Mylonakis (2015). 'Interações fúngico-bacterianas e sua relevância na saúde.' Microbiol Celular 17(10): 1442-1446.</li>
	<li>Aarestrup, F. M., et al. (2008). 'Resistência em bactérias da cadeia alimentar: epidemiologia e estratégias de controle.' Especialista Rev Anti Infect Ther 6(5): 733-750.</li>
</ol>

Diversidade microbiana e fúngica

Bactérias e fungos são dois grupos altamente diversos de organismos que podem ter impactos benéficos ou prejudiciais significativos na saúde humana. Para isso ...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

Biology

Biologia

Evolution

Evolução

how scientists identify bacteria and fungi

Bacteria and fungi are highly diverse organisms, and scientists identify them by looking at their structure, growth, and role in health. Some species help people, while others can cause disease, so learning how to tell them apart matters in biology and medicine.

Biological taxonomists group organisms by evolutionary relatedness. Life is divided into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. Bacteria belong to the domain Bacteria, which includes single-celled prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles. Fungi belong to the domain Eukaryota, in Kingdom Fungi. They have membrane-bound organelles and can be either unicellular or multicellular.

Bacteria live almost everywhere on Earth, and their diversity is very large. This group includes helpful species such as Streptococcus thermophilus, which is used to make fermented foods like yogurt. It also includes harmful species such as Bacillus anthracis, whose spores cause anthrax. Microbiologists use several tests to identify bacteria. One common test is Gram staining, which uses colored dyes to show cell wall structure.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan, so they retain crystal violet and appear purple. Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall without peptidoglycan, so they do not keep crystal violet. Instead, they take up safranin and appear pink. Gram staining is often a first step in bacterial identification. Scientists then look at other traits, including cell shape. Cocci are round, spirillum are spiral, and bacilli are rod-shaped. Colony color, shape, sheen, texture, and even smell can also help distinguish species.

Fungi are also diverse and can range from microscopic yeast to the honey fungus, Armillaria ostoyae, which is the largest organism on Earth. Fungi are heterotrophic, which means they must get food from their environment. Some fungi are used in food production or are eaten by people, while others can cause severe or even deadly infections.

Within Kingdom Fungi, two major divisions are based on reproduction. Ascomycota are the sac fungi. They have a reproductive structure called an ascus, and many asci form an ascocarp, or fruiting body. These fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually by budding. This group includes yeast used in brewing beer and baking bread, as well as edible fungi like morels and truffles.

Basidiomycota are commonly called club fungi because they have a club-shaped basidium. Most Basidiomycota reproduce sexually. Two haploid mycelia join to form a basidiocarp, which is the cap of a button mushroom. On the underside, gills lined with basidia produce haploid nuclei that later form basidiospores. Wind spreads these spores. This group includes many button mushrooms and wild puff mushrooms.

Studying microbes is important for human health and for food production. Millions of species may still need to be identified and classified, and microbiology continues to grow as a field. This work is especially important now because multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria can threaten human health. Knowing microbial structure and biology helps scientists develop new antibiotics and prevention strategies. Microbiology also supports the food industry, where microbes are used to make yogurt, cheese, kombucha, bread, and alcohol, while other compounds and preservatives are designed to limit unwanted microbial growth.

How Scientists Identify Bacteria and Fungi

how-scientists-identify-bacteria-and-fungi

natural selection

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microbial and fungal diversity

Bacteria and fungi are highly diverse organisms, and scientists identify them by looking at their structure, growth, and role in health. Some species help people, while others can cause disease, so learning how to tell them apart matters in biology and medicine. Biological taxonomists group organisms by evolutionary relatedness. Life is divided into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. Bacteria belong to the domain Bacteria, which includes single-celled prokaryotes. Prokaryotic...

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Learn how bacteria and fungi are classified, stained, and identified, plus why microbes matter in health, medicine, and food production.

How Scientists Identify Bacteria and Fungi | JoVE K12

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What is an Ecosystem?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Trophic Levels

All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from ...

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use ...

Production Efficiency

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Trophic Efficiency

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Life Histories

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Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

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Predator-Prey Interactions

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Ecological Disturbance

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Photosystems

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Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity, biodiversity and populations of ecosystems at different scales. Emphasis is on quantitative analysis and comparison of the relationships among interdependent factors including boundaries, resources, climate and competition. Examples of mathematical comparisons could include graphs, charts, histograms, or population changes gathered from simulations or historical data sets.

HS-LS2-1

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Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem. Emphasis is on using a mathematical model of stored energy in biomass to describe the transfer of energy from one trophic level to another and that matter and energy are conserved as matter cycles and energy flows through ecosystems. Emphasis is on atoms and molecules such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen being conserved as they move through an ecosystem.

HS-LS2-4

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Distribution and Dispersion

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with one another. An important aspect of ecology is understanding where species ...

Evaluate the claims, evidence and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem. Examples of changes in ecosystem conditions could include modest biological or physical changes, such as moderate hunting or a seasonal flood and extreme changes, such as volcanic eruption or sea level rise. Emphasis should be on describing drivers of ecosystem stability and change, not on the organismal mechanisms of responses and interactions.

HS-LS2-6

How Scientists Identify Bacteria and Fungi

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