Name: how specific heat affects temperature
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:01.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.3.1

Specific Heat

As substâncias absorvem o calor de formas diferentes, e possuem capacidades de calor específico. Uma medida da energia térmica que é necessária para mudar a temperatura em um grau para uma massa definida. A água tem um calor específico mais elevado do que as rochas próximas devido a uma massa molar inferior do que o silicone, que forma o arenito.Porque a água tem mais moléculas por grama, pode absorver mais energia, demorando mais para mudar a temperatura. A areia vai aquecer mais rapidamente porque há menos moléculas de silicone. Assim, a água é boa para regular temperaturas ambientais extremas.Por exemplo, as áreas costeiras demoram mais para aquecer durante o dia e mais para se resfriar à noite, Considerando lugares sem litoral, sem influências da água nas proximidades, eles se quentam e esfriam rápido, resultando em temperaturas mais extremas.

calor específico

O calor específico de uma substância refere-se à quantidade de energia necessária para aquecer um grama da substância em um grau. A água tem um alto calor específico, por isso é preciso muito calor para aumentar a sua temperatura. Da mesma forma, a água tem de perder muito calor para que a sua temperatura diminua, por isso também arrefece lentamente uma vez aquecida. Os metais, em comparação, têm baixo calor específico—eles aquecem rapidamente e arrefecem rapidamente.
 
 O calor específico é definido como a quantidade de energia necessária para elevar a temperatura de um grama de uma substância em um grau Celsius (1 °C). Por exemplo, aumentar a temperatura de um grama de água em 1 °C requer uma caloria de energia térmica. O calor específico é frequentemente representado em gramas, graus Celsius e calorias, mas também pode ser expressa em quilogramas, Kelvin (K) e joules (entre outras unidades). O calor específico da água é de uma caloria/grama °C, ou 4186 joules/quilograma K. O ouro maciço tem um calor específico de ~0,03 calorias/grama °C, ou 129 joules/quilograma K. O ouro, então, tem um calor específico menor do que a água.
 
 <h4>Natureza Prática</h4>
 
 O elevado calor específico da água ajuda a modular temperaturas ambientais extremas. Cidades próximas de grandes corpos de água têm pequenas alterações de temperatura tanto diariamente como sazonalmente. Durante o dia, a água mais próxima absorve energia térmica, arrefecendo a terra circundante. À noite, a água liberta sua energia térmica, mantendo a área mais quente. Cidades afastadas de grandes corpos de água podem sofrer grandes oscilações na temperatura diária e sazonal. Areia e rochas têm calores específicos mais baixos, pelo que aquecem rapidamente durante o dia e libertam calor rapidamente à noite.
 
 No espaço, a água ferve e depois congela. Isso acontece em parte devido ao elevado calor específico da água. No espaço, a água ferve primeiro por causa da pressão extremamente baixa. Neste estado gasoso, as moléculas de vapor de água estão mais distantes e podem perder calor rapidamente nas temperaturas muito frias do espaço. O vapor de água então congela em cristais—um processo chamado de dessublimação.

Calor Específico

A capacidade térmica específica de uma substância refere-se à energia necessária para aumentar a temperatura de um grama dessa substância em um grau Celsius. ...

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how specific heat affects temperature

Specific heat capacity describes how much energy a substance needs to rise by 1 degree Celsius for each gram. It is often written with calories, grams, and degrees Celsius, but it can also be shown in joules, kilograms, and Kelvin. For water, 1 gram needs 1 calorie to increase by 1°C, which is also written as 1 cal/g-°C or 4186 J/kg/K.

Water has a high specific heat capacity, so it takes in a large amount of heat before its temperature changes much. It also gives off a lot of heat when it cools. That is why water heats up and cools down slowly. Metals have a much lower heat capacity, so they warm up quickly and also lose heat quickly. Solid gold is one example, with a specific heat capacity of about 0.03 cal/g/°C or 129 J/kg/K.

Water’s high specific heat is linked to hydrogen bonds between water molecules. When water is boiled, it absorbs a large amount of energy to break these bonds, which lets the molecules move more freely. When water cools, hydrogen bonds form again and pull the molecules closer together. A large amount of heat is released during this process.

This property also helps control environmental temperatures. Areas near large bodies of water usually have smaller daily and seasonal temperature changes. During the day, the water absorbs heat and cools the nearby land. At night, the water gives off stored heat and keeps the area warmer.

Places far from large bodies of water can have much bigger swings in temperature. Sand and rocks have lower heat capacities, so they heat up quickly in the day. They also release heat quickly at night. This is why water helps moderate climate more than dry land does.

How Specific Heat Affects Temperature

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Periodic Table Basics for Living Things

The periodic table helps explain which elements living things need and how those elements are related. Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all occur naturally, and even fewer are essential for life. Living matter is made mostly of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. Together, these elements make up most of the human body and are also found in all life on Earth. Smaller amounts of calcium,...

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hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

Hydrogen bonds in water are weak attractions between atoms that are already part of other chemical bonds. One atom is electronegative, such as oxygen, and carries a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that is bonded to another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge. These attractions form because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen. The electrons in that bond are shared unequally.

van der waals interactions

Intermolecular Forces in Polar Solutions

Intermolecular forces are the attractions and repulsions that act between atoms and molecules. These electrostatic forces come from particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. For neutral atoms and molecules, the main types are ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, and dispersion forces, which are together called van der Waals forces. Polar molecules have a partial positive end and a partial negative end. That separation of charge creates a dipole. In water, oxygen is more electronegative...

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Elements and compounds are the two main kinds of pure substances. A pure substance contains only one kind of matter. An element contains only one type of atom. A compound contains two or more types of atoms joined by a chemical bond. Elements can be atomic or molecular, depending on their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties. Ordinary chemical reactions cannot break an element into a smaller substance. There are 118 elements, but only 98...

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Electron Geometry and Lone Pairs

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redox reactions

Electron Transfer in Redox

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cohesion

Water Molecules and Surface Tension

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adhesion

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states of water

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specific heat

Specific heat capacity describes how much energy a substance needs to rise by 1 degree Celsius for each gram. It is often written with calories, grams, and degrees Celsius, but it can also be shown in joules, kilograms, and Kelvin. For water, 1 gram needs 1 calorie to increase by 1°C, which is also written as 1 cal/g-°C or 4186 J/kg/K. Water has a high specific heat capacity, so it takes in a large amount of heat before its temperature changes much. It also gives off a lot of heat when it...

vaporization

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the...

solvents

Water as a Biological Solvent

Water acts as a biological solvent in many living systems. A solvent is a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves another substance called a solute. When a solvent and a solute mix, they form a solution, which is a uniform mixture of both parts. Water is called a universal biological solvent because its polar structure helps it dissolve many other polar compounds. Polarity means that one side of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other side has a slight negative charge.

carbon skeletons

Carbon Backbones in Biomolecules

Carbon backbones give biological molecules their structure and flexibility. Living things are built from macromolecules that contain carbon atoms, and organic compounds are defined by a carbon backbone. Carbon is tetravalent, so each carbon atom can bond with four other atoms. Its valence electrons are stable, so carbon rarely becomes an ion. As carbon chains get longer, they can form ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains. Carbon-carbon bonds create the carbon skeleton.

key terms and concepts

Learn how specific heat capacity controls heating and cooling, why water changes temperature slowly, and how it helps moderate climate near oceans and lakes.

How Specific Heat Affects Temperature | JoVE K12

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How Specific Heat Affects Temperature

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