Name: how food becomes atp
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Dietary Connections

Além da glicose, organismos também ingerem alimentos na forma de carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios que também desempenham um papel na via da glicólise. Hidratos de carbono, cadeias de muitos açúcares simples, são primeiro divididos em unidades menores e alimentados na via da glicólise onde eles são então divididos em piruvato. Por exemplo, a sacarose, um açúcar encontrado na maioria das frutas e vegetais é dividido em dois açúcares mais simples, frutose e glicose, e depois catabolizado na via glicolítica.As proteínas através de enzimas são divididas em aminoácidos. E embora alguns aminoácidos sejam reciclados para construir novas proteínas, outros podem entrar na via glicolítica em pontos diferentes só depois do grupo amina ser removido e convertido em amônia. Por último, lipídios na forma de colesterol e triglicerídeos são catabolizados em um processo chamado beta-oxidação.As cadeias de ácidos graxos são convertidas em grupos acetilos, que são então captados pela coenzima A e entram no caminho através do ciclo do ácido cítrico.

conexões dietéticas

<h4>Visão Geral</h4>
 
 As vias metabólicas estão interconectadas. Os processos de respiração celular que convertem glicose em ATP—como glicólise, oxidação do piruvato e ciclo do ácido cítrico—estão ligados aos que quebram outros compostos orgânicos. Como resultado, vários alimentos—de maçãs a queijo a guacamole—acabam como ATP. Além dos carboidratos, os alimentos também contêm proteínas e lípidos—como colesterol e gorduras. Todos esses compostos orgânicos são usados como fontes de energia (ou seja, para produzir ATP).
 
 <h4>Digestão de Carboidratos</h4>
 
 O corpo humano possui várias enzimas que quebram carboidratos em açúcares simples. Enquanto que a glicose pode entrar diretamente na glicólise, alguns açúcares simples, como frutose e galactose, são primeiro convertidos em açúcares que são intermediários da via glicolítica.
 
 <h4>Digestão Proteica</h4>
 
 As proteínas são quebradas por enzimas nos seus aminoácidos constituintes, que geralmente são reciclados para criar novas proteínas. No entanto, se o corpo estiver faminto ou houver um excedente de aminoácidos, alguns aminoácidos podem perder os seus grupos amino e, posteriormente, entrar na respiração celular. Os grupos amino perdidos são convertidos em amoníaco e incorporados em produtos residuais. Diferentes aminoácidos entram na respiração celular em diferentes alturas, incluindo glicólise, oxidação do piruvato e ciclo do ácido cítrico. Os aminoácidos também podem ser produzidos a partir de intermediários em processos de respiração celular.
 
 <h4>Digestão de Gordura</h4>
 
 Lípidos, como colesterol e triglicerídeos (ou seja, gorduras), também podem ser produzidos e quebrados em vias de respiração celular. Os triglicerídeos, por exemplo, são compostos por glicerol e três ácidos gordos. O glicerol fosforilado pode entrar na glicólise. Os ácidos gordos entram no ciclo do ácido cítrico após serem convertidos em acetil-CoA através de uma série de reações chamadas de beta-oxidação.
 
 A energia bioquímica, na forma de ATP, pode, assim, ser obtida a partir de carboidratos, proteínas, ou lípidos.

Conexões Dietéticas

Em sistemas biológicos, a maioria das vias metabólicas está interconectada. Os processos de respiração celular que convertem glicose em ATP - como ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biologia

Cellular Processes

Processos Celulares

Cellular Respiration

Respiração Celular

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

how food becomes atp

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy.

Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway.

Proteins are digested into amino acids. The body usually recycles these amino acids to build new proteins. If the body is starving or has extra amino acids, some amino acids lose their amino groups and can enter cellular respiration. The lost amino groups become ammonia and are added to waste products. Different amino acids can enter at glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, or the citric acid cycle. Amino acids can also be made from intermediates in cellular respiration.

Lipids also connect to energy production. Triglycerides, or fats, are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. Phosphorylated glycerol enters glycolysis. Fatty acids first go through beta-oxidation, a series of reactions that converts them into acetyl CoA. They then enter the citric acid cycle. In this way, biochemical energy in the form of ATP can come from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

How Food Becomes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enter cellular respiration and help make ATP. Learn how digestion links food molecules to energy.

How Food Becomes ATP | JoVE K12

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BIO1.LS1.3

How Food Becomes ATP

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