Name: atp powers cellular transport and reactions
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
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K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

ATP Energy Storage and Release

O trifosfato de adenosina ou ATP é a moeda de energia mais importante que alimenta vários processos bioquímicos dentro de uma célula viva.
O ATP é um composto orgânico que consiste em uma molécula de adenosina representada como A, ligada a três grupos fosfato representados com a letra P. Os três fosfatos estão conectados entre si por duas ligações de fosfoanidrido de alta energia. A hidrólise dessas ligações pode render cerca de 46 a 54 quilojoules por mol de energia livre, dependendo das condições intracelulares.
Como a ligação de um grupo fosfato a uma molécula de ADP é energeticamente desfavorável, as células extraem energia da fotossíntese ou da respiração celular para formar a ligação fosfoanidrido entre o ADP e o terceiro grupo fosfato.
Por outro lado, na demanda de energia, o ATP é hidrolisado em fosfato inorgânico e uma molécula de ADP. Essa reação energeticamente favorável é acoplada a outras reações desfavoráveis, onde o fosfato liberado é transferido para o reagente para formar um novo produto.
Além disso, a energia liberada da hidrólise do ATP alimenta as bombas que movem os solutos através das membranas e também alimenta a contração muscular e as vias de transmissão do sinal neuronal.

armazenamento e liberação de energia atp

O ATP é uma molécula altamente instável. A menos que seja rapidamente usado para realizar trabalho, o ATP dissocia-se espontaneamente em ADP e fosfato inorgânico (Pi), e a energia livre liberada durante esse processo é perdida na forma de calor. A energia liberada pela hidrólise do ATP é utilizada para realizar trabalho dentro da célula e depende de uma estratégia chamada acoplamento de energia. As células acoplam a reação exergônica de hidrólise de ATP com reações endergônicas, permitindo-lhes prosseguir. 

 Um exemplo de acoplamento de energia usando ATP envolve uma bomba iônica transmembrana que é extremamente importante para a função celular. Esta bomba de sódio-potássio (bomba Na+/K+) expulsa o sódio da célula e o bombeia o potássio para dentro da célula. Uma grande porcentagem do ATP de uma célula é gasta para alimentar essa bomba, porque os processos celulares importam regularmente grandes quantidades de sódio para a célula e exportam grandes quantidades de potássio para fora da célula. A bomba trabalha constantemente para estabilizar as concentrações celulares de sódio e potássio. Para que a bomba gire um ciclo (exportando três íons Na+ e importando dois íons K+), uma molécula de ATP deve ser hidrolisada. Quando o ATP é hidrolisado, seu gama fosfato é transferido para a proteína da bomba. 

 Este processo de ligação de um grupo fosfato a uma molécula é denominado fosforilação. Tal como acontece com a maioria dos casos de hidrólise de ATP, um fosfato do ATP é transferido para outra molécula. Num estado fosforilado, a bomba Na+/K+ tem mais energia livre e é acionada para sofrer uma mudança conformacional. Essa mudança permite liberar Na+ para o exterior da célula. Em seguida, liga-se ao K+ extracelular, o que, através de outra alteração conformacional, faz com que o fosfato se desprenda da bomba. Essa liberação de fosfato faz com que o K+ seja liberado para o interior da célula. Essencialmente, a energia liberada pela hidrólise do ATP é acoplada à energia necessária para alimentar a bomba e transportar íons Na+ e K+. O ATP realiza o trabalho celular usando esta forma básica de acoplamento de energia através da fosforilação. 

 Frequentemente, durante as reações metabólicas celulares, como a síntese e a degradação de nutrientes, certas moléculas devem alterar ligeiramente sua conformação para se tornarem substratos para a próxima etapa da série de reações. Um exemplo é durante a glicólise, as primeiras etapas da respiração celular. Nesta primeira etapa, o ATP é necessário para fosforilar a glicose, criando um intermediário de alta energia, mas instável. Esta reação de fosforilação provoca uma mudança conformacional que permite que a molécula de glicose fosforilada se converta no açúcar fosforilado frutose. A frutose é um intermediário necessário para o avanço da glicólise. Aqui, a reação exergônica da hidrólise do ATP, acoplada à reação endergônica de fosforilação da glicose, constitui uma etapa intermediária na via. Mais uma vez, a energia libertada pela quebra de uma ligação fosfato no ATP foi utilizada para fosforilar outra molécula, criando um intermediário instável e alimentando uma importante mudança conformacional.

 Este texto é adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-4-atp-adenosine-triphosphate">Openstax, Biology 2e, Seção 6.4: ATP: Adenosina Trifosfato</a>

Armazenamento e Liberação de Energia ATP

O ATP é uma molécula altamente instável. A menos que seja usado rapidamente para realizar o trabalho, o ATP se dissocia espontaneamente em ADP e fosfato inorgânico (Pi), e o livre ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia Celular

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Energy and Catalysis

Energia e Catálise

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

atp powers cellular transport and reactions

ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat.

Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital for cell function.

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. Cells spend a large amount of ATP on this pump because sodium and potassium are regularly moved in opposite directions across the membrane. To complete one cycle, the pump exports three sodium ions and imports two potassium ions, and one ATP molecule must be hydrolyzed.

During ATP hydrolysis, the gamma phosphate is transferred to the pump protein. This is called phosphorylation, which means a phosphate group binds to a molecule. In the phosphorylated state, the pump has more free energy and changes shape. That shape change lets it release sodium outside the cell. The pump then binds potassium outside the cell, and another shape change removes the phosphate and releases potassium inside the cell.

ATP also helps start steps in cellular metabolism. In glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP phosphorylates glucose. This creates a high-energy but unstable intermediate. The phosphorylation also drives a conformational change that helps the molecule become phosphorylated fructose, which is needed for glycolysis to continue. In both examples, ATP hydrolysis is coupled to another reaction by transferring a phosphate group and powering an important change in shape.

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

atp-powers-cellular-transport-and-reactions

the first law of thermodynamics

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atp energy storage and release

ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat. Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital...

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Learn how ATP drives cell work through phosphorylation, including the sodium-potassium pump and the first steps of glycolysis in high school biology.

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core - Biologia Celular ilustra processos celulares complexos em vídeos de animação fáceis de entender e, ao mesmo tempo, abrangentes. Esta coleção foca nos componentes e funções essenciais das células, incluindo organelas e membranas, transporte celular e energia celular. É complementado por vídeos de Cientistas em ação que demonstram a aplicação da biologia celular em experimentos de pesquisa do mundo real.

HS-LS1-7

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.10

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology

BIO.11

BIO.11.B

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Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

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The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

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Base-pairing and DNA Repair

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

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HS-LS1-1

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

HS-LS1-2

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

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