Name: circuit linearity and resistor behavior
Uploaded: 2024-04-11T12:48:31.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

Considere um resistor conectado a uma fonte de tensão variável. À medida que a tensão é aumentada, o valor da corrente correspondente é registrado.
A representação gráfica revela uma relação linear entre a tensão e a corrente.
Esses circuitos em que os parâmetros do circuito permanecem consistentes apesar das mudanças na tensão ou corrente são chamados de circuitos lineares.
Os circuitos lineares são compostos de elementos lineares ou fontes lineares independentes e satisfazem as propriedades de homogeneidade e aditividade.
Este princípio pode ajudar na modelagem de circuitos para prever a corrente da fonte quando a queda de tensão na carga muda.
Inicialmente, a corrente através do resistor de carga e a queda de tensão no resistor superior são determinadas.
Em seguida, obtém-se a queda de tensão no ramo central, que é usada para calcular a corrente através desse ramo. A aplicação de KCL fornece a corrente total da fonte.
Quando a tensão de carga muda, a nova corrente da fonte pode ser encontrada multiplicando uma constante pela corrente antiga e substituindo os valores conhecidos.
No entanto, o princípio da linearidade não se aplica ao cálculo da potência, pois a potência tem uma dependência quadrada da corrente.

circuitos lineares

Um circuito linear é caracterizado por sua saída possuir proporcionalidade direta com sua entrada, aderindo à propriedade de linearidade, que engloba os princípios de homogeneidade (escalonamento) e aditividade. A homogeneidade determina que quando a entrada, também chamada de excitação, é multiplicada por um fator constante, a saída, conhecida como resposta, é correspondentemente escalada pelo mesmo fator constante. Por exemplo, se a corrente for multiplicada por uma constante 'k', a tensão também sofrerá um aumento de 'k' vezes.

A propriedade de aditividade estipula que a resposta a uma soma de entradas é igual à soma das respostas a cada entrada individual aplicada separadamente. Em essência, esta propriedade garante que o comportamento do circuito permaneça consistente mesmo quando múltiplas entradas são combinadas.

Notavelmente, um resistor é classificado como um elemento linear porque satisfaz as propriedades de homogeneidade e aditividade dentro de sua relação tensão-corrente. Geralmente, um circuito é considerado linear se e, somente se, demonstrar características de aditividade e homogeneidade. Tais circuitos lineares compreendem exclusivamente elementos lineares, fontes lineares dependentes e fontes independentes.

Por outro lado, a expressão para potência, que é definida como a razão entre o quadrado da tensão e a resistência, constitui uma função quadrática e, portanto, enquadra-se na categoria de não linearidade no contexto da análise de circuitos.

Circuitos Lineares

Considere um resistor conectado a uma fonte de tensão variável. À medida que a tensão é aumentada, o valor da corrente correspondente é registrado.
O gráfico ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Engenharia Elétrica

Unit 1

Unidade 1

DC Circuit Analysis

Análise de Circuitos CC

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS E CONCEITOS-CHAVE

Linear Circuits

circuit linearity and resistor behavior

Circuit linearity describes how a circuit responds when its input changes. A linear circuit has an output that is directly proportional to its input. This behavior follows two rules: homogeneity and additivity.

Homogeneity means that if the input, or excitation, is multiplied by a constant factor, the response is multiplied by the same factor. For example, if the current is increased by a constant k, the voltage also increases by k times. Additivity means that the response to a sum of inputs equals the sum of the responses to each input applied separately.

A resistor is a linear element because its voltage-current relationship follows both homogeneity and additivity. A circuit is considered linear only when it has both properties. Linear circuits contain linear elements, linear dependent sources, and independent sources.

Power does not follow the same pattern. Its expression uses the square of voltage divided by resistance, so it is a quadratic function. That makes power a nonlinearity in circuit analysis.

Circuit Linearity and Resistor Behavior

nodal analysis

Using Node Voltages in Circuit Analysis

Nodal analysis uses node voltages to simplify circuit analysis. In this method, the voltage at each node becomes the main variable. Once those voltages are known, they can be used to find other values, such as the current through specific circuit parts. The process begins by choosing a reference node, also called a datum node. This node is selected for convenience and assigned a voltage of zero. The other nodes, called non-reference nodes, are then measured relative to that point. In the...

nodal analysis with voltage sources

Supernode Equations in Nodal Analysis

Nodal analysis uses node voltages and Kirchhoff’s laws to solve circuits with voltage sources. It is a systematic method for breaking a complex circuit into smaller parts that are easier to analyze. In this example, the circuit includes four resistors and two voltage sources. One voltage source is connected between a non-reference node and the reference node. In that case, the non-reference node voltage can be written directly as the source voltage. This removes one unknown and makes the...

mesh analysis

Mesh Currents for Circuit Analysis

Mesh currents give students a simpler way to analyze planar circuits. In mesh analysis, the unknowns are currents, not voltages. The method uses Kirchhoff's voltage law, or KVL, to build the equations needed to solve the circuit. A mesh is a closed loop in a circuit that does not contain any smaller loops inside it. Each independent mesh is assigned a mesh current, and this current is usually drawn in the clockwise direction. These mesh currents are used as the main circuit variables during...

mesh analysis with current sources

Current Sources in Mesh Circuit Analysis

Current sources make mesh circuit analysis easier because they can reduce the number of equations needed. This applies to both independent and dependent current sources. The method depends on where the current source is placed in the circuit. When a current source appears in only one mesh, the setup is simple. Assign mesh currents as usual, but leave out the mesh that contains the current source from the equation process. Then apply Kirchhoff's voltage law, or KVL, to the remaining mesh to get...

source transformation

Circuit Source Equivalents

Circuit source equivalents make it easier to simplify electrical circuits in circuit analysis. A source transformation replaces a voltage source in series with a resistor by a current source in parallel with a resistor, or it replaces a current source in parallel with a resistor by a voltage source in series with a resistor. The key idea is that the equivalent resistance at the circuit terminals stays the same when the original sources are turned off. When making the change, the current source...

linear circuits

Circuit linearity describes how a circuit responds when its input changes. A linear circuit has an output that is directly proportional to its input. This behavior follows two rules: homogeneity and additivity. Homogeneity means that if the input, or excitation, is multiplied by a constant factor, the response is multiplied by the same factor. For example, if the current is increased by a constant k, the voltage also increases by k times. Additivity means that the response to a sum of inputs...

superposition theorem

Analyzing Circuits with Superposition

Superposition is a circuit analysis method for linear circuits with more than one independent source. It lets you find the voltage across or current through an element by adding the separate effects of each source acting alone. To use superposition, keep one independent source active and turn off the others. A voltage source is replaced by a short circuit, and a current source is replaced by an open circuit. Then calculate the output from the single active source. Repeat the process for each...

thevinin's theorem

Thevenin Circuit Equivalents

Thevenin circuit equivalents simplify linear two-terminal circuits by replacing the fixed part of a network with one equivalent source and one resistor. This method is useful when a circuit has a fixed section and a load that can change. A household electrical outlet is a familiar example, because different appliances can be plugged in or removed. Each change in load can require a new circuit analysis, so an equivalent circuit makes the work easier. Thevenin's theorem states that a linear...

norton's theorem

Norton Equivalent Circuit in DC Analysis

Norton equivalent circuit in DC analysis shows how a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by a simpler network. The replacement uses a current source, called I_N, in parallel with a resistor, called R_N. I_N is the short-circuit current through the terminals, and R_N is the input or equivalent resistance seen at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off. To find Norton's resistance, all independent sources in the circuit are set to zero. The resistance measured at the...

maximum power transfer

Load Matching in Thevenin Circuits

Load matching in Thevenin circuits helps a source deliver the most power to a connected load. This matters in engineering fields such as telecommunications, where power delivery must be optimized. Even then, internal losses can be significant and may equal or exceed the power sent to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is a useful way to study this situation. It replaces the full linear circuit with a simpler source and resistance while keeping the load in place. In this setup, the load...

design example: strain gauge bridge or wheatstone bridge

design-example-strain-gauge-bridge-or-wheatstone-bridge

Wheatstone Bridge Output for Strain Gauge Design

A strain gauge and Wheatstone bridge work together to turn mechanical strain into an electrical signal. In engineering, this setup is often used to measure force or pressure. Each part of the bridge has a resistance that changes slightly when strain is applied. The main goal is to turn a very small voltage output into a larger, easier-to-read signal. A voltmeter can then measure that output more clearly. To do this, an engineer designs the strain gauge circuit and figures out how much...

key terms and concepts

Learn how circuit linearity depends on homogeneity and additivity, why resistors are linear elements, and why power is treated as nonlinear in circuit analysis.

Circuit Linearity and Resistor Behavior | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Circuit Linearity and Resistor Behavior

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