Name: planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:20:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

Planctomycetes são classificados em duas ordens - Planctomycetales e Brocadiales. Essas bactérias Gram-negativas exibem características únicas. Eles se dividem por brotamento. Alguns têm caules ou apêndices, enquanto outros formam arranjos celulares semelhantes a rosetas. Certas espécies possuem uma camada S em seu envelope celular. Todos os Planctomycetes mostram compartimentos intracelulares semelhantes a organelas eucarióticas. Eles produzem estruturas especializadas conhecidas como pirolulossomos, que são compartimentos fechados por membrana não unitária contendo o nucleóide, ribossomos e outros componentes citoplasmáticos. No gênero Gemmata, o nucleóide é ainda envolvido por invaginações da membrana celular, formando uma estrutura cercada por uma membrana unitária verdadeira. O gênero Isosphaera é uma bactéria filamentosa e planadora encontrada em fontes termais. Um compartimento adicional digno de nota, o anammoxossomo, é encontrado em membros da ordem Brocadiales, como Brocadia anammoxidans. O anammoxossomo facilita a oxidação anaeróbica da amônia - uma forma de quimiolitoautotrofia. O intermediário tóxico da hidrazina dessa reação está contido em sua membrana lipídica única, protegendo os componentes citoplasmáticos.

filo bacteriano: planctomycetes

Bacterial Phylum Planctomycetes 

Planctomycetes s&#227;o um grupo de bact&#233;rias morfologicamente distintas, classificadas predominantemente em duas ordens: Planctomycetales e Brocadiales. Essas bact&#233;rias Gram-negativas apresentam caracter&#237;sticas &#250;nicas, incluindo divis&#227;o por brotamento e presen&#231;a de hastes ou ap&#234;ndices. Suas c&#233;lulas s&#227;o frequentemente encontradas em arranjos em roseta e possuem destaque por possu&#237;rem uma camada S no envelope celular, algo relativamente incomum entre bact&#233;rias. Al&#233;m disso, Planctomycetes frequentemente exibem compartimentaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular semelhante a organelas eucari&#243;ticas.
Embora procariontes e eucariontes normalmente se diferenciem significativamente em suas estruturas celulares, Planctomycetes desafiam essa distin&#231;&#227;o ao demonstrarem compartimentaliza&#231;&#227;o celular. C&#233;lulas eucari&#243;ticas possuem n&#250;cleo envolto por membrana, enquanto o DNA procari&#243;tico &#233; compactado em um nucleoide no citoplasma. No entanto, Planctomycetes produzem estruturas especializadas chamadas pirelulossomos, que s&#227;o compartimentos n&#227;o delimitados por membrana unitar, contendo o nucleoide, ribossomos e outros componentes citoplasm&#225;ticos.
O ciclo de vida de Planctomyces envolve brotamento. C&#233;lulas m&#243;veis do tipo swarmer se fixam a uma superf&#237;cie, desenvolvem uma haste no local de fixa&#231;&#227;o e produzem uma nova c&#233;lula no polo oposto por brotamento. Essa c&#233;lula filha ent&#227;o desenvolve um flagelo, se desprende da c&#233;lula-m&#227;e e inicia um novo ciclo. Fisiologicamente, esp&#233;cies de Planctomyces s&#227;o aer&#243;bias facultativas, capazes de crescer por respira&#231;&#227;o ou fermenta&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#250;cares. Habitam diversos ambientes aqu&#225;ticos, incluindo ecossistemas de &#225;gua doce e marinhos. O g&#234;nero Isosphaera, parente de Planctomyces, &#233; uma bact&#233;ria filamentosa e deslizante encontrada em fontes termais. O isolamento de Planctomyces e seus parentes geralmente requer meios de baixo teor nutritivo.
Em certos g&#234;neros, como Gemmata, o nucleoide &#233; ainda mais envolto por invagina&#231;&#245;es da membrana celular, formando uma estrutura rodeada por uma verdadeira membrana unitar. Apesar dessa complexidade estrutural, o DNA permanece em um estado covalentemente fechado, circular e superenovelado, t&#237;pico dos genomas bacterianos.
Um compartimento adicional de destaque, o anammoxossomo, &#233; encontrado em membros da ordem Brocadiales, como Brocadia anammoxidans. Essa estrutura facilita a oxida&#231;&#227;o anaer&#243;bica da am&#244;nia e &#233; protegida por uma membrana lip&#237;dica &#250;nica que previne danos causados por intermedi&#225;rios t&#243;xicos gerados durante esse processo metab&#243;lico.
Planctomyces &#233; um dos g&#234;neros mais bem estudados dentro do filo. Assim como a bact&#233;ria com haste Caulobacter, Planctomyces possui uma haste, mas sua estrutura &#233; distintamente composta por prote&#237;na, sem parede celular ou citoplasma. A haste atua principalmente como mecanismo de fixa&#231;&#227;o e &#233; mais delgada do que a haste prostecal de Caulobacter.

Filo bacteriano: Planctomycetes

Planctomycetes s&#227;o um grupo de bact&#233;rias morfologicamente distintas, classificadas predominantemente em duas ordens: Planctomycetales e ...

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planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle

Planctomycetes are a group of gram-negative bacteria known for unusual cell structures and a distinctive life cycle. They are mainly placed in two orders, Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. Many cells show stalks or other appendages and often appear in rosette groups.

A key feature of these bacteria is their cell envelope. Planctomycetes have an S-layer, a surface layer that is relatively uncommon in bacteria. They also divide by budding, which is different from the simple cell split seen in many other bacteria.

Planctomycetes are also known for internal compartments that resemble parts of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus, while prokaryotes usually keep DNA in a nucleoid in the cytoplasm. In Planctomycetes, special compartments called pirellulosomes contain the nucleoid, ribosomes, and other cytoplasmic material.

The life cycle of Planctomyces begins with a motile swarmer cell attaching to a surface. A stalk forms at the attachment site, and a new cell then develops at the opposite pole by budding. The daughter cell grows a flagellum, leaves the mother cell, and starts the cycle again. Planctomyces species are facultative aerobes, so they can grow by respiration or by fermenting sugars, and they live in freshwater and marine environments. Low-nutrient media are usually needed to isolate Planctomyces and its relatives.

Some related bacteria show even more unusual structures. Isosphaera is a filamentous, gliding bacterium found in hot springs. In Gemmata, the nucleoid is further surrounded by membrane invaginations, so it has a true unit membrane around it. Even so, the DNA remains a covalently closed, circular, and supercoiled bacterial genome.

Members of Brocadiales include Brocadia anammoxidans, which has an anammoxosome. This compartment supports anaerobic oxidation of ammonia and is protected by a special lipid membrane that helps block toxic intermediates made during the process. Planctomyces is one of the best-studied genera in the phylum. It has a stalk like Caulobacter, but the Planctomyces stalk is made of protein only and does not contain cell wall or cytoplasm. Its main role is attachment, and it is thinner than the prosthecal stalk of Caulobacter.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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key terms and concepts

Explore Planctomycetes cell structure, budding division, stalks, and unique compartments like pirellulosomes and anammoxosomes in this high school biology video.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

microbiology

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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