Name: vaporization, boiling, and evaporation
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:01.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.3.1

Vaporization

Испарение это переход от жидкости к газу или пару. Например, при нагревании воды с добавлением энергии тепла, она достигает своей точки кипения и становится паром. Количество энергии, необходимой для испарения данной массы жидкости при постоянной температуре называется теплотой парообразования.Кроме того, также может произойти испарение непосредственно на поверхности жидкости в процессе, называемом испарением. На этот раз кинетическая энергия предоставляется солнцем и ветром. Если энергия превышает межмолекулярные силы, молекулы могут освободиться и стать паром, этот процесс является важным методом охлаждения у животных, через пот.Поскольку пот, в основном, является водой, эти молекулы испаряются. Когда они освобождаются, тепловая энергия, накопленная в молекулах, следует вместе с ними, что снижает общую температуру оставшихся капель и приводит к более низкой температуре тела. Испарение также является важной силой в дыхании растений.С помощью когезии и адгезии, испарение воды на поверхности листьев помогает поднимать соседние молекулы, подтягивая воду от корней к листьям.

Испарение

Испарение превращает жидкое вещество в газообразное или парообразное. Для этого кинетическая энергия должна быть больше, чем межмолекулярные силы, удерживающие молекулы связанными. Количество энергии, необходимое для испарения некоторого количества жидкости при заданном давлении и постоянной температуре, называется теплотой испарения. Когда жидкая вода испаряется, она превращается в пар.

<h4>Методы</h4>

 Добавление тепла к жидкости, пока она не достигнет точки кипения, является одним из методов испарения. Кипение - это тип испарения, который происходит, когда пузырьки пара образуются под поверхностью жидкости. Температура кипения зависит от атмосферного давления. При более высоком атмосферном давлении требуется больше энергии для достижения точки кипения. На уровне моря вода закипает при температуре 100 o C (212 o F) - эта температура на уровне моря называется нормальной или атмосферной точкой кипения. На больших высотах для кипячения воды требуется меньше энергии. На Эвересте вода кипит при температуре около 71 o C (160 o F). В космосе, где отсутствует атмосфера, но при этом очень холодно, вода сначала закипает, а затем замерзает - следствие высокой теплоемкости воды.

 Испарение, еще один тип парообразования, происходит при температуре ниже точки кипения. В этом процессе молекулы воды с кинетической энергией, достаточной для преодоления межмолекулярных сил, покидают поверхность воды в виде пара. Остальные молекулы воды имеют меньшую кинетическую энергию. Если это происходит в больших масштабах, общая кинетическая энергия жидкой массы уменьшается, охлаждая жидкость. Потоотделение использует явление испарения для снижения температуры тела. Когда пот испаряется с тела, оставшийся пот становится более прохладным и помогает поглощать тепло тела.

 Явление испарения воды также используются растениями для продвижения воды вверх по растению. Когда молекулы воды высвобождаются из пор на листьях и испаряются, они притягивают молекулы воды под собой вверх за счет молекулярной адгезии. В экологическом масштабе испарение воды - это двигатель, который управляет круговоротом воды и большей частью погоды и климата Земли. Около 71% поверхности Земли - это вода, поэтому важно понимать механизмы и значение испарения воды.

Физическая форма вещества изменяется при изменении его температуры. Например, повышение температуры жидкости приводит к испарению жидкости ...

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vaporization, boiling, and evaporation

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization.

Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the surface of the liquid. The boiling point changes with atmospheric pressure. With more pressure, more energy is needed to reach the boiling point.

At sea level, water boils at the normal, or atmospheric, boiling point of 100 °C, or 212 °F. At higher elevations, water needs less energy to boil. For example, water boils at about 71 °C, or 160 °F, on Mount Everest. Evaporation is another form of vaporization, but it happens below the boiling point.

During evaporation, water molecules with enough kinetic energy escape from the surface as vapor. The molecules left behind have lower kinetic energy. If evaporation happens on a large scale, the liquid loses overall kinetic energy and cools. Sweat uses this effect to lower body temperature. As perspiration evaporates, the cooler sweat helps absorb heat from the body. Plants also use water’s evaporative properties to move water upward through the plant. On a larger scale, evaporation drives the water cycle and helps shape Earth’s weather and climate.

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

the periodic table and organismal elements

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Electronegativity and Covalent Bond Polarity

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hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

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Electron Transfer in Redox

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cohesion

Water Molecules and Surface Tension

Water molecules stick to each other through cohesion. Water is neutral overall, but it is a polar molecule. The oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge, and it can bind with a hydrogen atom that has a partial positive charge in another water molecule. This forms a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, and these bonds give water its cohesive nature. Cohesion helps water form droplets on a surface. Water does not...

adhesion

Water Climbing by Adhesion

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states of water

Water Phase Changes and Ice Density

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How Specific Heat Affects Temperature

Specific heat capacity describes how much energy a substance needs to rise by 1 degree Celsius for each gram. It is often written with calories, grams, and degrees Celsius, but it can also be shown in joules, kilograms, and Kelvin. For water, 1 gram needs 1 calorie to increase by 1°C, which is also written as 1 cal/g-°C or 4186 J/kg/K. Water has a high specific heat capacity, so it takes in a large amount of heat before its temperature changes much. It also gives off a lot of heat when it...

vaporization

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the...

solvents

Water as a Biological Solvent

Water acts as a biological solvent in many living systems. A solvent is a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves another substance called a solute. When a solvent and a solute mix, they form a solution, which is a uniform mixture of both parts. Water is called a universal biological solvent because its polar structure helps it dissolve many other polar compounds. Polarity means that one side of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other side has a slight negative charge.

carbon skeletons

Carbon Backbones in Biomolecules

Carbon backbones give biological molecules their structure and flexibility. Living things are built from macromolecules that contain carbon atoms, and organic compounds are defined by a carbon backbone. Carbon is tetravalent, so each carbon atom can bond with four other atoms. Its valence electrons are stable, so carbon rarely becomes an ion. As carbon chains get longer, they can form ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains. Carbon-carbon bonds create the carbon skeleton.

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Explore how heat changes liquids into vapor, including boiling, evaporation, boiling point changes with pressure, cooling from sweat, and the water cycle.

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Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

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