Name: atp powers cellular transport and reactions
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:36.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

ATP Energy Storage and Release

Аденозинтрифосфат или АТФ является наиболее важной энергетической валютой, которая приводит в действие несколько биохимических процессов внутри живой клетки.
АТФ представляет собой органическое соединение, состоящее из молекулы аденозина, представленной как А, связанной с тремя фосфатными группами, обозначаемыми буквой Р. Три фосфата соединены друг с другом двумя высокоэнергетическими фосфоангидридными связями. Гидролиз этих связей может дать от 46 до 54 килоджоулей на моль свободной энергии, в зависимости от внутриклеточных условий.
Поскольку присоединение фосфатной группы к молекуле АДФ энергетически неблагоприятно, клетки получают энергию от фотосинтеза или клеточного дыхания для формирования фосфоангидридной связи между АДФ и третьей фосфатной группой.
И наоборот, при потребности в энергии АТФ гидролизуется в неорганический фосфат и молекулу АДФ. Эта энергетически благоприятная реакция связана с другими неблагоприятными реакциями, в которых высвобожденный фосфат переходит в реагент с образованием нового продукта.
Кроме того, энергия, высвобождаемая в результате гидролиза АТФ, питает насосы, которые перемещают растворенные вещества по мембранам, а также обеспечивает сокращение мышц и пути передачи нейронного сигнала.

Хранение и высвобождение энергии АТФ

АТФ — крайне нестабильная молекула. Если АТФ не будет быстро использована для выполнения работы, она самопроизвольно диссоциирует на АДФ и неорганический фосфат (Pi), а свободная энергия, выделяющаяся во время этого процесса, теряется в виде тепла. Энергия, выделяемая при гидролизе АТФ, используется для выполнения работы внутри клетки и зависит от стратегии, называемой энергетической связью. Клетки соединяют экзергоническую реакцию гидролиза АТФ с эндергоническими реакциями, позволяя им протекать. Одним из примеров энергетической связи с использованием АТФ является трансмембранный ионный насос, который чрезвычайно важен для клеточного функционирования. Этот натриево-калиевый насос (Na+/K+ насос) выводит натрий из клетки и калий в клетку. Большой процент АТФ в клетке расходуется на питание этого насоса, поскольку клеточные процессы регулярно импортируют большое количество натрия в клетку и экспортируют большое количество калия из клетки. Насос постоянно работает над стабилизацией клеточной концентрации натрия и калия. Чтобы насос совершил один цикл (экспортируя три иона Na+ и импортируя два иона K+), необходимо гидролизовать одну молекулу АТФ. Когда АТФ гидролизуется, его гамма-фосфат переносится на белок-насос. Этот процесс связывания фосфатной группы с молекулой называется фосфорилированием. Как и в большинстве случаев гидролиза АТФ, фосфат из АТФ переносится на другую молекулу. В фосфорилированном состоянии насос Na+/K+ имеет больше свободной энергии и вызывает конформационное изменение. Это изменение позволяет ему высвобождать Na+ наружу клетки. Затем он связывает внеклеточный K+, который благодаря ещё одному информационному изменению заставляет фосфат отсоединяться от насоса. Это высвобождение фосфата вызывает высвобождение K+ внутрь клетки. По сути, энергия, выделяемая при гидролизе АТФ, сочетается с энергией, необходимой для работы насоса и транспортировки ионов Na+ и K+. АТФ выполняет клеточную работу, используя эту базовую форму энергетической связи через фосфорилирование. Часто во время клеточных метаболических реакций, таких как синтез и распад питательных веществ, некоторые молекулы должны слегка изменить свою конформацию, чтобы стать субстратами для следующего этапа серии реакций. Одним из примеров является гликолиз, самые первые этапы клеточного дыхания. На этом первом этапе АТФ необходима для фосфорилирования глюкозы, создавая высокоэнергетический, но нестабильный промежуточный продукт. Эта реакция фосфорилирования приводит к конформационным изменениям, которые позволяют фосфорилированной молекуле глюкозы превращаться в фосфорилированную сахарную фруктозу. Фруктоза является необходимым промежуточным продуктом для продвижения гликолиза. Здесь экзергоническая реакция гидролиза АТФ в сочетании с эндергонической реакцией фосфорилирования глюкозы представляет собой промежуточную стадию этого пути. И снова энергия, высвободившаяся при разрыве фосфатной связи внутри АТФ, была использована для фосфорилирования другой молекулы, создания нестабильного промежуточного продукта и обеспечения важных конформационных изменений. Этот текст адаптирован из <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/6-4-atp-adenosine-triphosphate">Openstax, Biology 2e, Section 6.4:ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate</a>

АТФ является крайне нестабильной молекулой. Если его быстро использовать для выполнения работы, АТФ самопроизвольно диссоциирует на АДФ и неорганический фосфат (Pi), а свободный ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Клеточная биология

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Energy and Catalysis

Энергетика и катализ

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

atp powers cellular transport and reactions

ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat.

Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital for cell function.

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. Cells spend a large amount of ATP on this pump because sodium and potassium are regularly moved in opposite directions across the membrane. To complete one cycle, the pump exports three sodium ions and imports two potassium ions, and one ATP molecule must be hydrolyzed.

During ATP hydrolysis, the gamma phosphate is transferred to the pump protein. This is called phosphorylation, which means a phosphate group binds to a molecule. In the phosphorylated state, the pump has more free energy and changes shape. That shape change lets it release sodium outside the cell. The pump then binds potassium outside the cell, and another shape change removes the phosphate and releases potassium inside the cell.

ATP also helps start steps in cellular metabolism. In glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP phosphorylates glucose. This creates a high-energy but unstable intermediate. The phosphorylation also drives a conformational change that helps the molecule become phosphorylated fructose, which is needed for glycolysis to continue. In both examples, ATP hydrolysis is coupled to another reaction by transferring a phosphate group and powering an important change in shape.

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

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ATP powers cellular transport and many reactions by transferring energy through phosphorylation. ATP is a highly unstable molecule. If it is not used quickly, it breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and the released energy is lost as heat. Cells use ATP through energy coupling. This means the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis is linked to an endergonic reaction so the reaction can move forward. One major example is the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ion pump that is vital...

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ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-2

ATP Powers Cellular Transport and Reactions

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