Name: feedback loops in body balance
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Negative and Positive Feedback

Биологические функции, такие как метаболические пути или клеточные сигнальные пути, регулируются механизмами обратной связи, которые включают в себя петли отрицательной и положительной обратной связи.
Положительная обратная связь возникает, когда продукт процесса стимулирует дальнейшее увеличение его производства, что приводит к усилению отклика.
Процесс свертывания крови является одним из распространенных примеров петли положительной обратной связи.
Разрез стенки кровеносного сосуда действует как раздражитель, который заставляет сосуды и близлежащие тромбоциты выделять химические сигналы, активируя несколько факторов свертывания крови и привлекая тромбоциты к месту повреждения, инициируя образование тромба. Тромбоциты выделяют химические сигналы, чтобы привлечь больше тромбоцитов к участку до тех пор, пока развивающийся сгусток полностью не закроет рану.
Петля отрицательной обратной связи возникает, когда продукт реакции уменьшает первоначальный стимул.
Например, когда уровень глюкозы в крови повышается, поджелудочная железа выделяет инсулин, который вызывает поглощение глюкозы клетками печени, снижая уровень глюкозы в крови.
Как только уровень глюкозы в крови восстанавливается, поджелудочная железа прекращает выработку инсулина.

Отрицательные и положительные отзывы

Органы и системы органов животных постоянно приспосабливаются к внутренним и внешним изменениям с помощью процесса, называемого гомеостазом («устойчивое состояние»). Примеры этих изменений включают регуляцию уровня глюкозы или кальция в крови или внутренние реакции на внешние температуры. Гомеостаз требует поддержания внутреннего динамического равновесия: <ul style="padding-left: 35px; list-style-type: disc;"> <li>Динамический, потому что он постоянно приспосабливается к изменениям, с которыми сталкиваются системы организма.</li> <li>Равновесие, поскольку функции организма поддерживаются в определенных пределах. Даже животное, которое внешне неактивно, поддерживает это гомеостатическое равновесие.</li> </ul> Гомеостатический процесс Целью гомеостаза является поддержание равновесия вокруг точки или значения, называемого заданной точкой. Несмотря на нормальные отклонения от заданного значения, системы организма обычно пытаются вернуться к этому значению. Изменение внутренней или внешней среды называется стимулом и обнаруживается рецептором. Реакция системы заключается в корректировке параметра отклонения в сторону заданного значения. Контроль гомеостаза Когда изменения происходят в среде обитания животного, необходимо внести коррективы. Рецептор ощущает изменение окружающей среды, затем отправляет сигнал в центр управления (в большинстве случаев в мозг), который, в свою очередь, генерирует ответ, который передается эффектору. Эффектором является мышца (которая сокращается или расслабляется) или железа, выделяющая секрет. Эти сигналы и реакции контролируются бессознательными вегетативными петлями обратной связи. Петли отрицательной обратной связи поддерживают гомеостаз. Петли положительной обратной связи еще больше выводят организм из гомеостаза, но могут быть необходимы для жизнедеятельности. Таким образом, гомеостаз контролируется нервной и эндокринной системами млекопитающих. Уставка Можно изменить заданное значение системы. Когда это происходит, петля обратной связи поддерживает новую настройку. Примером этого является артериальное давление: со временем нормальное или заданное значение артериального давления может повышаться в результате продолжающегося повышения артериального давления. Организм больше не воспринимает повышение как ненормальное и не предпринимает никаких попыток вернуться к нижнему заданному значению. Результатом является регулярное повышение артериального давления, которое может нанести вред организму. Лекарства могут снизить артериальное давление и снизить заданное значение до более здорового уровня. Это известно как процесс изменения заданного значения в петле обратной связи. Изменения могут быть внесены в группу систем органов тела для поддержания заданного значения в другой системе. Это называется акклиматизация. Это происходит, например, когда животное мигрирует на большую высоту, чем та, к которой оно изначально привыкло. Чтобы приспособиться к более низкому уровню кислорода на большей высоте, организм увеличивает количество эритроцитов, циркулирующих в крови, чтобы обеспечить адекватную доставку кислорода к тканям. Еще одним примером акклиматизации является то, что у некоторых животных наблюдается сезонная смена шерсти: тяжелая шерсть зимой обеспечивает достаточное сохранение тепла, а легкая шерсть летом помогает удерживать температуру тела от повышения до опасного уровня.

Органы и системы органов животных постоянно приспосабливаются к внутренним и внешним изменениям с помощью процесса, называемого гомеостазом («устойчивое состояние»). Примеры...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Анатомия и физиология

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Introduction to the Human Body

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

feedback loops in body balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment.

Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift.

These control systems are important in many parts of biology. They help explain how the body responds to change and how certain processes stay balanced or move toward a clear outcome.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human Survival Needs in the Body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Explore how negative and positive feedback help maintain body balance and homeostasis. Learn how these control loops change responses in biology.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Levels Of Organization

Homeostasis

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.a

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9L.1.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L1

HS.L1U1.20

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.4

Next Generation Science Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.5

BIO.5.C

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-3.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-3.

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Macromolecules

Biomolecules
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Nucleic Acid Structure

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

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Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

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Enzymes and Activation Energy

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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

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Ribozymes

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LS.Bio.1.2

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Cell Size

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

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Cell Structure

Background
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Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

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