Name: anatomical terms and body position
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Levels Of Organization

Anatomical Terminology

Стандартная анатомическая терминология повсеместно используется для изучения строения и внутренней организации человеческого тела.
Эти термины часто имеют греческие или латинские корни, префиксы или суффиксы. Корень — это центральная часть слова, которая может относиться к органу, ткани или состоянию. 
Например, корень гастро-относится к желудку. Добавление epi, что означает выше, в качестве приставки перед корнем создает термин epigastric, который описывает расположение над желудком.
Суффикс «это» относится к воспалению. Связывая его с корнем артро-, что означает суставы, образуется термин артрит. Точно так же бронхит и гастрит означают воспаление части легких и желудка соответственно.
Точно так же, чтобы понять анатомические направления, анатомы используют стандартную анатомическую референсную позицию. Например, когда человек стоит вертикально лицом вперед, передняя часть тела называется передней или вентральной стороной, а задняя – задней или дорсальной стороной.
Таким образом, сердце находится спереди от позвоночника и позади грудины.

Анатомическая терминология

Знание анатомии необходимо для понимания человеческой биологии и медицины. Анатомы и специалисты в области здравоохранения используют стандартную терминологию, чтобы описывать человеческое тело с большей точностью и без двусмысленности. Анатомические термины в основном имеют греческие и латинские корни. Поскольку эти языки редко используются в разговорной речи, значение слов остается прежним. Каждый термин состоит из корня между префиксами и суффиксами. Корень термина часто относится к органу, ткани или состоянию, в то время как префикс или суффикс часто описывает корень. Например, в расстройстве гипертонии префикс «гипер-» означает «высокий» или «выше», а корневое слово «тензия» относится к давлению, поэтому слово «гипертония» относится к аномально высокому кровяному давлению.

Анатомы стандартизируют своё представление о теле. Стандартное анатомическое положение предполагает стоять прямо с параллельными ногами, широко расставленными плечами и носками ног вперёд. Верхние конечности держатся по бокам, а ладони рук обращены вперед. Следуя стандартному анатомическому положению для определения или ссылки на часть тела, минимизируется путаница, особенно во время рутинных осмотров и процедур. Например, рубец на запястье находится на ладонной стороне запястья. При описании ориентации положение тела на спине описывается как либо "пран" (лицом вниз), либо "супин" (лицом вверх).

Кроме того, для различных областей тела у человека есть специальные термины, указывающие на местоположение, количество или цвет определённой структуры, органа или ткани. Например, термин "брахиум" относится к "верхней части руки", а "антебрахиум" или "предплечье" используется вместо "нижней части руки". Термины становятся неотъемлемыми при описании относительного местоположения различных структур тела. Например, термины "супериор" и "инфериор" часто используются для описания положения головы относительно нижней части тела.

Краткая история

"Terminologia Anatomica" (TA) — это международный стандарт терминологии анатомии, используемый по всему миру. Федеративный комитет по анатомической терминологии и Международная федерация ассоциаций анатомов разработали и выпустили его в 1998 году. Он заменил предыдущий стандарт "Nomina Anatomica". "Terminologia Histologica" (TH) является сопутствующим текстом к TA, разработанным переименованным Федеративным международным комитетом по анатомической терминологии (FICAT), который был опубликован в 2008 году. В (TA) содержится терминология для около 7500 макроскопических анатомических структур человека, в то время как (TH) содержит терминологию для клеточных структур, тканей и органов на микроскопическом уровне.

Этот контент взят из <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-6-anatomical-terminology">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.6: </a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-6-anatomical-terminology">Anatomical Terminologies</a>.

Знание анатомии имеет важное значение для понимания биологии и медицины человека. Анатомы и медицинские работники используют стандартную терминологию для описания ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Анатомия и физиология

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Introduction to the Human Body

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

anatomical terms and body position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation.

Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or suffix then changes the meaning of that root. For example, in hypertension, the prefix &quot;hyper-&quot; means high or over, and the root &quot;tension&quot; refers to pressure. Together, the word means abnormally high blood pressure.

Anatomists also use a standard anatomical reference position to describe the body. In this position, a person stands upright with parallel feet, shoulders wide, toes forward, and the arms at the sides. The palms face ahead. Using this common position helps people locate body parts with less confusion during exams and procedures.

Orientation terms also matter when describing body position. A body lying face down is called prone, and a body lying face up is called supine. Location terms are used for specific regions as well. For example, brachium means upper arm, and antebrachium means forearm rather than lower arm. A scar on the carpal is on the palm side of the wrist, and terms such as superior and inferior help compare the head with the lower part of the body.

These terms are part of international standards used worldwide. Terminologia Anatomica, or TA, was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and released in 1998. It replaced Nomina Anatomica. A related reference, Terminologia Histologica, or TH, was published in 2008 by the renamed Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology. TA covers about 7,500 gross anatomical structures, while TH covers cellular structures, tissue, and organs at the microscopic level.

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human Survival Needs in the Body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Learn how anatomical terms, body position, and standard reference language help scientists and health professionals describe the human body clearly.

Anatomical Terms and Body Position | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

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Functions of Life

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Hierarchy of Organization

Tissues

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The Scientific Method

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Inductive Reasoning

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Correlation and Causation

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Taxonomy

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Phylogeny

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Types of Tissues

What is Homeostasis?

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Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

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pH Homeostasis

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Feedback Loops

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Homeostasis

Content elaboration: Homeostasis is a theme that is explored throughout the course. Homeostasis involves positive and negative feedback mechanisms that continuously monitor and adjust the body's internal conditions (e.g., temperature regulation, pH, hormone regulation, blood pressure, hemostasis). At times, there can be a disruption (or disruptions) in the feedback loops, creating an imbalance. This homeostatic imbalance can result in a variety of conditions.

Homeostasis

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Anatomical Positions

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Regional Terms

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Directional Terms

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Body Planes

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Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body&#39;s joints and muscles. These movements are described ...

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient&#39;s abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians ...

Anatomical Terminology

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Anatomical Terms and Body Position

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