Name: circuit source equivalents
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:06:14.000Z
Duration: 1 min 15 s
Channel: JoVE

Метод преобразования источника позволяет преобразовывать источник напряжения, соединенный последовательно с резистором, в источник эквивалентного тока, параллельный резистору, или наоборот.
Во время преобразования значения резистора в цепи остаются прежними. Используя закон Ома, можно определить значения напряжения или тока.
Стрелка источника тока всегда указывает на положительную клемму источника напряжения.
Этот метод не может быть применен к идеальным источникам напряжения и тока из-за их характеристик внутреннего сопротивления.
Рассмотрим схему, состоящую из источника напряжения, источника тока и нескольких резисторов. С помощью преобразования источника можно определить падение напряжения на центральном резисторе.
Первоначально примените преобразование источника в обоих источниках, чтобы получить сокращенную цепь.
Теперь снова преобразуйте левый источник напряжения в источник тока. Схема дополнительно упрощена до конфигурации с одним источником тока.
По формуле деления тока получается ток через резистор. Подставляя его в закон Ома, получается падение напряжения на резисторе.

Преобразование источника

Преобразование источника — это фундаментальный метод, используемый в анализе цепей, предлагающий ценный инструмент для упрощения сложных электрических схем. Этот метод предполагает замену источника напряжения, включенного последовательно с резистором, на источник тока, включенный параллельно резистору, или наоборот. Ключевая идея здесь заключается в том, что когда исходные источники деактивированы (выключены), эквивалентное сопротивление на конечных клеммах схемы остается прежним.

Важно отметить, что при выполнении преобразований источника направление стрелки источника тока всегда указывает на положительный вывод источника напряжения. Это соглашение обеспечивает согласованность и помогает поддерживать правильную ориентацию схемы.

Однако стоит отметить, что преобразование источника неприменимо к идеальным источникам напряжения, поскольку они обладают нулевым внутренним сопротивлением. Напротив, неидеальные источники напряжения имеют ненулевое внутреннее сопротивление, что делает их пригодными для исходного преобразования. Аналогично, идеальные источники тока с бесконечным внутренним сопротивлением не могут быть заменены источниками конечного напряжения.

Чтобы проиллюстрировать практическое применение преобразования источника, рассмотрим схему, подключенную к неидеальному источнику напряжения (рис. 1) и неидеальному источнику тока (рис. 2) по отдельности. Когда сопротивление при последовательном соединении равно сопротивлению при параллельном соединении а напряжение на источнике напряжения подчиняется закону Ома, эти неидеальные источники становятся эквивалентными друг другу.

<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/15051/15051_PT_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 128px;" />

Figure 1: Схема с неидеальным источником напряжения

<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/15051/15051_PT_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 128px;" />

Figure 2: Схема с неидеальным источником тока

Замена неидеального источника напряжения эквивалентным неидеальным источником тока не меняет характеристики напряжения или тока любого элемента в цепи. Это демонстрирует возможности преобразования источника в упрощении анализа схемы, не влияя на общее поведение схемы.

Метод преобразования источника позволяет преобразовывать источник напряжения, соединенный последовательно с резистором, в источник эквивалентного тока параллельно...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Электротехника

Unit 1

Раздел 1

DC Circuit Analysis

Анализ цепей постоянного тока

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

Source Transformation

circuit source equivalents

Circuit source equivalents make it easier to simplify electrical circuits in circuit analysis. A source transformation replaces a voltage source in series with a resistor by a current source in parallel with a resistor, or it replaces a current source in parallel with a resistor by a voltage source in series with a resistor.

The key idea is that the equivalent resistance at the circuit terminals stays the same when the original sources are turned off. When making the change, the current source arrow must point toward the positive terminal of the voltage source. This keeps the circuit orientation consistent.

Source transformation does not work for ideal voltage sources because they have zero internal resistance. It also does not work for ideal current sources because they have infinite internal resistance. Nonideal voltage sources and nonideal current sources can be transformed because their internal resistance is not zero or infinite.

The transcript shows this idea with a nonideal voltage source and a nonideal current source. When the series resistance matches the parallel resistance, and the voltage across the voltage source follows Ohm's law, the two sources are equivalent. Replacing the nonideal voltage source with the matching nonideal current source does not change the voltage or current in any circuit element.

Circuit Source Equivalents

nodal analysis

Using Node Voltages in Circuit Analysis

Nodal analysis uses node voltages to simplify circuit analysis. In this method, the voltage at each node becomes the main variable. Once those voltages are known, they can be used to find other values, such as the current through specific circuit parts. The process begins by choosing a reference node, also called a datum node. This node is selected for convenience and assigned a voltage of zero. The other nodes, called non-reference nodes, are then measured relative to that point. In the...

nodal analysis with voltage sources

Supernode Equations in Nodal Analysis

Nodal analysis uses node voltages and Kirchhoff’s laws to solve circuits with voltage sources. It is a systematic method for breaking a complex circuit into smaller parts that are easier to analyze. In this example, the circuit includes four resistors and two voltage sources. One voltage source is connected between a non-reference node and the reference node. In that case, the non-reference node voltage can be written directly as the source voltage. This removes one unknown and makes the...

mesh analysis

Mesh Currents for Circuit Analysis

Mesh currents give students a simpler way to analyze planar circuits. In mesh analysis, the unknowns are currents, not voltages. The method uses Kirchhoff's voltage law, or KVL, to build the equations needed to solve the circuit. A mesh is a closed loop in a circuit that does not contain any smaller loops inside it. Each independent mesh is assigned a mesh current, and this current is usually drawn in the clockwise direction. These mesh currents are used as the main circuit variables during...

mesh analysis with current sources

Current Sources in Mesh Circuit Analysis

Current sources make mesh circuit analysis easier because they can reduce the number of equations needed. This applies to both independent and dependent current sources. The method depends on where the current source is placed in the circuit. When a current source appears in only one mesh, the setup is simple. Assign mesh currents as usual, but leave out the mesh that contains the current source from the equation process. Then apply Kirchhoff's voltage law, or KVL, to the remaining mesh to get...

source transformation

Circuit source equivalents make it easier to simplify electrical circuits in circuit analysis. A source transformation replaces a voltage source in series with a resistor by a current source in parallel with a resistor, or it replaces a current source in parallel with a resistor by a voltage source in series with a resistor. The key idea is that the equivalent resistance at the circuit terminals stays the same when the original sources are turned off. When making the change, the current source...

linear circuits

Circuit Linearity and Resistor Behavior

Circuit linearity describes how a circuit responds when its input changes. A linear circuit has an output that is directly proportional to its input. This behavior follows two rules: homogeneity and additivity. Homogeneity means that if the input, or excitation, is multiplied by a constant factor, the response is multiplied by the same factor. For example, if the current is increased by a constant k, the voltage also increases by k times. Additivity means that the response to a sum of inputs...

superposition theorem

Analyzing Circuits with Superposition

Superposition is a circuit analysis method for linear circuits with more than one independent source. It lets you find the voltage across or current through an element by adding the separate effects of each source acting alone. To use superposition, keep one independent source active and turn off the others. A voltage source is replaced by a short circuit, and a current source is replaced by an open circuit. Then calculate the output from the single active source. Repeat the process for each...

thevinin's theorem

Thevenin Circuit Equivalents

Thevenin circuit equivalents simplify linear two-terminal circuits by replacing the fixed part of a network with one equivalent source and one resistor. This method is useful when a circuit has a fixed section and a load that can change. A household electrical outlet is a familiar example, because different appliances can be plugged in or removed. Each change in load can require a new circuit analysis, so an equivalent circuit makes the work easier. Thevenin's theorem states that a linear...

norton's theorem

Norton Equivalent Circuit in DC Analysis

Norton equivalent circuit in DC analysis shows how a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by a simpler network. The replacement uses a current source, called I_N, in parallel with a resistor, called R_N. I_N is the short-circuit current through the terminals, and R_N is the input or equivalent resistance seen at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off. To find Norton's resistance, all independent sources in the circuit are set to zero. The resistance measured at the...

maximum power transfer

Load Matching in Thevenin Circuits

Load matching in Thevenin circuits helps a source deliver the most power to a connected load. This matters in engineering fields such as telecommunications, where power delivery must be optimized. Even then, internal losses can be significant and may equal or exceed the power sent to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is a useful way to study this situation. It replaces the full linear circuit with a simpler source and resistance while keeping the load in place. In this setup, the load...

design example: strain gauge bridge or wheatstone bridge

design-example-strain-gauge-bridge-or-wheatstone-bridge

Wheatstone Bridge Output for Strain Gauge Design

A strain gauge and Wheatstone bridge work together to turn mechanical strain into an electrical signal. In engineering, this setup is often used to measure force or pressure. Each part of the bridge has a resistance that changes slightly when strain is applied. The main goal is to turn a very small voltage output into a larger, easier-to-read signal. A voltmeter can then measure that output more clearly. To do this, an engineer designs the strain gauge circuit and figures out how much...

key terms and concepts

Learn how source transformation replaces nonideal voltage and current sources while keeping terminal resistance the same in circuit analysis.

Circuit Source Equivalents | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Circuit Source Equivalents

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