Question 1

What molecular weight determines whether a drug is excreted in bile or urine?

Accepted Answer

Drugs with molecular weights above 500 Daltons are predominantly excreted in bile, while those between 300 and 500 Daltons are excreted via both bile and urine. Drugs under 300 Daltons are mainly eliminated through the kidneys. When one excretory route decreases, the other compensates to maintain overall drug elimination.

Question 2

Why do glucuronide conjugates enhance biliary drug excretion?

Accepted Answer

Glucuronide conjugates are more polar and heavier than parent drugs, with the glucuronide group adding approximately 200 Daltons to molecular weight. This increased polarity and mass facilitates their removal via bile, which requires drugs to possess a strongly polar group for effective biliary excretion.

Question 3

How do membrane transporters contribute to hepatic drug excretion?

Accepted Answer

Membrane transporters in hepatocytes actively transfer drugs into bile, enabling biliary excretion. This active transport process is essential for moving drugs across the hepatocyte membrane into the bile canaliculi, where they are then secreted into the biliary system for elimination.

Question 4

What examples of drugs undergo significant biliary excretion?

Accepted Answer

Drugs commonly excreted in bile include digitalis glycosides, chloramphenicol, digoxin, steroids, and indomethacin. These compounds typically have molecular weights exceeding 300 Daltons and possess the polar groups necessary for effective biliary elimination. Their excretion through bile represents a major elimination pathway for these therapeutic agents.

Question 5

How does cholestasis affect hepatic drug excretion?

Accepted Answer

Cholestasis, caused by hepatocyte impairment or bile duct obstruction, reduces bile secretion and significantly hampers biliary drug excretion. This condition decreases the liver's ability to eliminate drugs through the bile, potentially leading to drug accumulation and increased systemic exposure in patients.

Question 6

Which compounds enhance biliary drug excretion and why?

Accepted Answer

Phenobarbital enhances biliary drug excretion by increasing glucuronide formation and bile flow. By stimulating both the metabolic conversion of drugs to more polar conjugates and the production of bile itself, phenobarbital promotes more efficient removal of drugs through the biliary route.

Question 7

Does the route of drug administration affect biliary excretion?

Accepted Answer

Yes, drugs given orally are more likely to be excreted via bile than when administered intravenously. The administration route influences the amount and extent of drug excretion through the biliary system, with oral dosing favoring hepatic uptake and subsequent bile elimination compared to intravenous administration.

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