Retinal Projections
Retinal Projections - Related Videos
02:18
Fischer Projections
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2023
Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...
02:06
Newman Projections
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2023
Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively. The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.
05:26
Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation
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Cited by 5 •
2011
We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.
10:46
Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
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Cited by 29 •
2012
Total retinal blood flow is measured by Doppler optical coherence tomography and semi-automated grading software.
02:54
Preparation of Mouse Retinal Cryosections to Assess Retinal Permeability to Adeno-Associated Virus
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2026
Source: Vacca, O., et al. Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the step-by-step procedure for preparing mouse retinal cryosections to visualize adeno-associated virus permeability across disrupted retinal barriers.
FAQs
Selective crossing at the optic chiasm organizes how information from the two sides of the visual field reaches the brain. Because only some retinal ganglion cell axons cross, pathways preserve a structured relationship between retinal input and central targets rather than distributing signals randomly. This arrangement is important for maintaining spatial organization within visual processing circuits.
Different brain targets receive retinal signals for different functions. The lateral geniculate nucleus is associated with pathways supporting conscious visual perception, the superior colliculus with orienting responses, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus with light-dependent circadian regulation. Comparing these destinations shows that retinal output is distributed across parallel circuits rather than used for vision alone.
Retinal projections preserve spatial and functional features of the visual field as signals travel toward the brain. This preservation allows neural targets to retain meaningful relationships among retinal inputs, helping the nervous system interpret where visual information originates and route it toward perception, behavioral orientation, or physiological timing.
Parallel pathways allow one retinal signal source to support distinct outcomes at the same time. Signals reaching visual targets can contribute to conscious perception, while projections to other regions support orienting behavior or circadian regulation. This division of labor helps neuroscientists relate circuit anatomy to the different functions produced by light.
Examining these connections can reveal how visual circuits are organized and how neural pathways support communication between the retina and brain. In developmental neuroscience, their arrangement provides a framework for investigating circuit formation and functional specialization. The same organization also helps researchers interpret how retinal or optic-nerve damage may disrupt visual and light-dependent functions.
Damage to the retina or optic nerve can affect more than a single visual experience because these structures carry signals toward several brain targets. Consequences may involve pathways associated with conscious perception, orienting responses, or circadian regulation. Considering the destination and organization of affected fibers therefore helps connect anatomical injury with altered neural function.